A Comparability of Renal Length and Volume Measurements in MRI and Ultrasound in Children

Introduction: Despite the significant increase in use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in children, there is still a lack of normal reference values of renal size in this method and reference values are being interpolated from the ultrasound (US) studies. The study provides comparative analysis of agreement in renal length and volume measurements between MRI and ultrasound.Materials and Methods: Ninety-three children with a mean age of 8.0 ± 6.0 years, who had undergone both renal US and MRI exams, were included in the study. Participants were divided into three subgroups; each kidney was considered separately.Group 1 included 106 kidneys without any anomalies. Group 2 comprised 48 kidneys with a dilated collecting system. Group 3 included 32 kidneys with a duplicated collecting system. Measurements were taken in three dimensions, and renal volume was calculated from the ellipsoid formula.Results: We found no significant difference between US and MRI measurements in Group 1 and Group 2. In Group 3, the difference between measurements in both imaging methods was significant. The mean difference varied from 0.05% in Group 1, 2.95% in Group 2, to 4.99% in Group 3.Conclusion: The US and MRI are comparable methods in renal size measurements. The interpolation of sonographic renal length and volume reference values to the MRI in the pediatric population is justified, as there is a strong agreement between both methods. Both methods can be used interchangeably for following up of the renal size changes in the pediatric population.

MO181ULTRASOUND ASSESSMENT OF KIDNEY SIZE AND ITS CORRELATION WITH BODY MASS INDEX IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS WITHOUT RENAL DISEASE

Background and Aims Renal length as well as renal cortical thickness has been closely related to creatinine clearance in patients with chronic kidney disease. Our primary aim was to establish a normal range of values for kidney length in our adult population with normal renal function. Method This was a prospective observational study. Ultrasonographic assessment of renal parameters in 499 healthy volunteers between 18 to 80 years of age was done. Volunteers with any known renal condition or any co-morbidity were excluded from the study population. Correlation between body mass index (BMI) and renal parameters was assessed. Results Out of 499 volunteers 327 (65%) were males and 172(35%) were females. 17.8% volunteers were less than 30 years of age, 51.5% volunteers were in the age group of 30-60 years and 30.7 % were above 60 years of age. Mean BMI in males was 25.20 ± 3.96 kg/m2 whereas mean BMI in females was 24.08 ± 3.28 kg/m2. In males the mean cortical thickness in right kidney was 13.68+/- 2.47 mm and in left kidney cortical thickness was 13.94 ± 2.6 mm. In females right kidney cortical thickness was 12.63 ± 1.91 mm and left kidney cortical thickness was 13.40 ± 2.37 mm. In the present study the right mean renal length was 9.9 ± 40cm and left renal length was 10.19 ± 0.97cm. In our study, there was positive correlation BMI with renal length. Conclusion Size of kidney has significant ethnic and geographic basis and there is a positive correlation between BMI and kidney size in our study population.

Assessment of Renal Volume with MRI: Experimental Protocol

Renal length and volume are important parameters in the clinical assessment of patients with diabetes mellitus, kidney transplants, or renal artery stenosis. Kidney size is used in primary diagnostics to differentiate between acute (rather swollen kidneys) and chronic (rather small kidney) pathophysiology. Total kidney volume is also an established biomarker in studies for the treatment of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). There are several factors influencing kidney size, and there is still a debate on the value of the measured kidney size in terms of renal function or cardiovascular risk. The renal volume is most often calculated by measuring the three axes of the kidney, on the assumption that the organ resembles an ellipsoid. By default, the longitudinal and transverse diameters of the kidney are measured. In animal models renal length and volume1 are also important parameters in the assessment of organ rejection after transplantation and in determination of kidney failure due to renal artery stenosis, recurrent urinary tract infections, or diabetes mellitus. In general total kidney volume (TKV) is a valuable parameter for predicting prognosis and monitoring disease progression in animal models of human diseases like polycystic kidney disease (PKD) or acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD).This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This analysis protocol is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and experimental procedure.

Seasonal variations of male reproductive parameters of Tomodon dorsatus from Southeastern Brazil

ABSTRACT: The morphology of the male reproductive tract of Tomodon dorsatus was described in the austral seasons of the year considering macroscopic and microscopic variables. For this purpose, 56 specimens from the herpetological collection of the “Instituto Butantan” were used. Fragments of the testes, kidneys and ductus deferens were collected and submitted to histological routine. The peak of the testicular volume was observed in the summer and the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules had higher height in the summer (p=0.001). The testes were active throughout the year, however, the spermiogenesis peaked in the summer. There were spermatozoa in the lumen of the ductus deferens in all seasons of the year. Renal length was higher in autumn (p=0.027), and renal width did not show a significant increase (p=0.237). The diameter and epithelial height of the sexual segment of the kidney (SSK) showed hypertrophy in winter and spring, coinciding with the mating period. Based on findings of this study, we can suggest that, at the population level, the reproductive cycle of T. dorsatus can be considered seasonal semi-synchronous, due to the peak of spermiogenic activity in the hot season, and discontinuous at the individual level.

A Sonographic Study of Kidney Dimensions Among Nepalese Children

Introduction: Any variations in shape or size of either one or both kidneys may indicate sign of its pathology. The study was aimed to determine normal values for renal dimensions among Nepalese children. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of the renal dimensions among 211 children. The length, breadth and thickness of kidneys were measured by computerised in built calliper in centimetre by using ultrasound and volume of the kidney was calculated. Results: The mean values of length, breadth, thickness and volume were 7.05 ± 1.80 cm, 2.95 ± 0.48 cm, 1.35 ± 0.15 cm and 15.09 ± 5.91 cc for right kidneys respectively; and 7.36 ± 1.89 cm, 2.98 ± 1.89 cm, 1.35 ± 0.18 cm and 15.98 ± 6.44 cc for left kidneys respectively. The mean values for length, breadth, thickness and volume of right kidney was 7.57 ± 1.99 cm, 3.11 ± 0.46 cm, 1.38 ± 0.14 cm and 17.38 ± 6.20 cc among boys respectively; and 6.50 ± 1.39 cm, 2.78 ± 0.44 cm, 1.31 ± 0.17 cm and 12.69 ± 4.43 cc among girls respectively. Similarly, these values for length, breadth, thickness and volume of left kidneys were 7.91 ± 2.04 cm, 3.13 ± 0.49 cm, 1.39 ± 0.18 cm and 18.46 ± 6.89 cc among boys respectively; and 6.78 ± 1.52 cm, 2.83 ± 0.45 cm, 1.31 ± 0.17 cm and 13.38 ± 4.73 cc among girls respectively. Conclusions: It was concluded that mean values for renal length and volume was found to be higher on left side than right side in all age groups. These values for renal breadth and thickness were observed almost same on both sides in all age groups. All measurements of renal dimensions were found significantly higher among boys than girls on both sides. This study has provided the reference values for renal sizes among Nepalese children.

Sonographic renal length and volume of normal Thai children versus their Chinese and Western counterparts

Background: Renal size is an important indicator in the diagnosis of renal diseases and urinary tract infections in children.Purpose: The purpose of this study is twofold. First, it aimed to measure the renal length and calculate the renal volume of normal Thai children using 2-dimensional ultrasonography (2D-US) and study their correlations with somatic parameters. Second, it aimed to compare the age-specific renal size of normal Thai children with the published data of their Western and Chinese counterparts.Methods: A total of 321 children (150 boys, 171 girls; age, 6–15 years) with a normal renal profile were prospectively recruited. All subjects underwent 2D-US by an experienced pediatric radiologist and the renal length, width, and depth were measured. Renal volume was calculated using the ellipsoid formula as recommended. The data were compared between the left and right kidneys, the sexes, and various somatic parameters. The age-specific renal lengths were compared using a nomogram derived from a Western cohort that is currently referred by many Thailand hospitals, while the renal volumes were compared with the published data of a Chinese cohort.Results: No statistically significant difference (<i>P</i><0.05) was found between sexes or the right and left kidneys. The renal sizes had strong correlations with height, weight, body surface area, and age but not with body mass index. The renal length of the Thai children was moderately correlated (<i>r</i>=0.59) with that of the Western cohort, while the age-specific renal volume was significantly smaller (<i>P</i><0.05) than that of the Chinese children.Conclusion: Therefore, we concluded that the age-specific renal length and volume obtained by 2D-US would vary between children in different regions and may not be suitably used as an international standard for diagnosis, although further studies may be needed to confirm our findings.

Sonographic Correlation Between Renal Cortical Thickness and Early Chronic Renal Disease

Mostly poor diet and not timely checkup of kidney may lead to chronic renal disease. Ultrasound examination of renal disease depends on sonologists. When patient has acute or chronic renal disease, renal cortical thickness could be correlated with renal length and renal echogenicity grades.

Ultrasonographyical Study of Kidneys Length Correlation in Various Clinical Stages of Chronic Type II Diabetes

The aim of the study was to use ultrasound imaging technique to differentiate between acute and chronic kidney diseases in type 2 diabetes. The renal length of left and right kidneys was compared and a detailed documentation was made. The study was carried out in Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. Our study included adult male and female population who were known case of Diabetes Mellitus, above 18 years of age and biochemically diagnosed for nephropathy. All patients were subjected to ultrasonography evaluation of the renal parenchymal thickness and the findings were documented.