scholarly journals Water and the human culture of appropriation: the Vaal River up to 1956

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann W.N. Tempelhoff
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Human Presence ◽  
Gold Mines ◽  
Human Culture ◽  
Vaal River ◽  
The 1950S

There is discernable evidence of the human presence having historically appropriated the 1300 kilometer long Vaal River of South Africa as it extends itself from the Drakensberg Plateau into the arid Karoo region. This hard-working tributary of the Orange River, which was instrumental as a supply of water to the Witwatersrand, in the era of the region’s gold mines, has been used by humans in a variety of ways. First it was used as a route of communications, then as a borderline demarcating the territorial spaces of states and colonies. Later it was used for purposes of economic development. In the study the objective is to point towards the manner in which humans have influenced the river and its hinterland, particularly from the nineteenth century, up to the 1950s. The process of appropriation, it is argued, has had a different effect when humans laid claim to the river and its environment for social, economic and political purposes.

scholarly journals Inter basin water transfers

1985 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. P. C. Van Robbroeck
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
National Interest ◽  
Transfer Scheme ◽  
Water Transfers ◽  
Vaal River ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Basin Water ◽  
Reserve Storage

Most economic development in South Africa has taken place on the dry plateau of the interior following the discovery of minerals. The much smaller wetter parts get most of the run-off and have generally limited possibilities for advantageous use of their water resources. Consequently, it is logical to transfer water between basins with a surplus to ones experiencing shortages. There is a body of opinion that such transfers should be stopped in the interest of the decentralistion policy, but such action is not considered in the national interest. The intricate system of inter-basin transfer from the Komati, the Usutu and the Vaal River to supply the Eastern Transvaal coalfields is described. This system has shown its flexibility during the recent drought. The most important inter-basin transfer scheme is the Tugeia- Vaal Project which is described in broad terms. The advantages of the principle of reserve storage and of co-operation with Escom are dealt with. Possible further projects to augment the Vaal River supplies are mentioned. Other inter-basin transfer schemes implemented by the Department of Water Affairs such as the Orange River Project, the Riviersonderend-Berg River Project and others of lesser importance are dealth with.

African Nationalism in South Africa: Origins and Problems

1970 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donovan Williams
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Port Elizabeth ◽  
Significant Area ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
African Nationalism

Many of the characteristic strains of African Nationalism in South Africa, as were manifest during its peak in the 1950s, may be traced back to the historical situation on the Eastern Frontier of the Cape Colony in the early nineteenth century. In the twentieth century, the Port Elizabeth–East London–Alice triangle remained a highly significant area for nationalist ideas and action, and this derived from the effects on the Xhosa of the Black–White confrontation which began here 150 years earlier. In the early part of the nineteenth century the fundamental competition for land and cattle led to White military and missionary actions which, coupled with the preaching of Christianity, promoted attitudes among the Xhosa which may be seen in all subsequent African Nationalism.

Humanitarianism, Human Rights and Biopolitics in the British Empire, 1890–1902

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Clark
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
Boer War ◽  
Personal Rights

The 1890s were a key time for debates about imperial humanitarianism and human rights in India and South Africa. This article first argues that claims of humanitarianism can be understood as biopolitics when they involved the management and disciplining of populations. This article examines the historiography that analyses British efforts to contain the Bombay plague in 1897 and the Boer War concentration camps as forms of discipline extending control over colonized subjects. Secondly, human rights language could be used to oppose biopolitical management. While scholars have criticized liberal human rights language for its universalism, this article argues that nineteenth-century liberals did not believe that rights were universal; they had to be earned. It was radical activists who drew on notions of universal rights to oppose imperial intervention and criticize the camps in India and South Africa. These activists included two groups: the Personal Rights Association and the Humanitarian League; and the individuals Josephine Butler, Sol Plaatje, Narayan Meghaji Lokhande, and Bal Gandadhar Tilak. However, these critics also debated amongst themselves how far human rights should extend.

Drawing the Line between Dismissal for Alcoholism (Incapacity) and Dismissal for Drunkenness (Misconduct). Are the Boni Mores Compromised?

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 57-63
Author(s):  
Thandekile Phulu
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Occupational Health ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Occupational Health And Safety ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
Labour Practice ◽  
The Republic

In South Africa employees are protected by various pieces of legislation. Section 23 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996 provides for a right to fair labour practice. In its preamble the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 (hereafter referred to as the LRA) states that the purpose of the Act is to advance economic development, social justice, labour peace and democratisation of the workplace. The LRA also states that one of its objectives is to give effect to and regulate the fundamental rights conferred by section 27 of the Constitution. The Occupational Health and Safety Act as amended by the Occupational Health and Safety Amendment Act 181 of 1993 provides for the health and safety of persons at work and for the health and safety of persons in connection with the use of plant and machinery. The LRA provides for dismissal for incapacity and dismissals for misconduct. It also differentiates between the two. The LRA provides for both substantive and procedural fairness when dismissing an employee for incapacity and misconduct. This paper will examine the rationale behind differentiating between dismissal for drunkenness and dismissal for alcoholism.

Social-economic development of the Transcarpathian region: interregional and transboundary comparisons

2020 ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Lyubomyr Sozanskyy
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Key Indicators ◽  
Social Economic Development ◽  
Average Monthly Salary ◽  
Monthly Salary

In the article, a comparative interregional and cross-border assessment of socio-economic development of the Transcarpathian region is conducted. The results of the study are based on an analysis of the level and dynamics of such key indicators of economic and social development of the region as GRP per capita, employment rate, unemployment rate, average monthly salary, etc. According to the results of interregional comparisons, the low level of efficiency of the economy but the positive dynamics of some indicators of the labor market of the Transcarpathian region was revealed. In particular, among the regions of Ukraine in 2013-2017, the region was 22nd in terms of GRP per capita and 19th in terms of employment. At the same time, by unemployment, it rose from 15th in 2013 to 10th in 2018, and the average monthly wage ranged from 20th to 7th, respectively. Cross-border comparisons showed a significant lag behind the Transcarpathian region from the neighboring regions of Poland, Slovakia, Romania and Hungary for all considered socio-economic indicators. Thus, in particular, according to the indicator of GRP per capita, this lag compared to the Kosice region (Slovakia) in 2017 was 11.4 times. The average monthly salary in Transcarpathian region is 4 times lower than in the neighboring Kosice and Presov regions of Slovakia and the Podkarpackie voivodship of Poland. The positive dynamics in the direction of reducing the above-mentioned gaps in the level of socio-economic development of the analyzed regions in 2017-2018 are revealed. In addition, a regional peculiarity has been identified – the Transcarpathian region and the regions it borders, lag substantially behind the countries they belong to by the level of socio-economic development. As a result, the conclusion is drawn that the results of the conducted inter-regional and transboundary assessment of the socio-economic development of the Transcarpathian region will facilitate the development of inter-regional and interstate programs and strategies for the development of the Carpathian transboundary region to eliminate the identified imbalances.

-------------- (Evaluation of the Efficiency of the Strategic Architecture of the Public Management System of the Social-Economic Development of the Territory)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arber Balani ◽  
Olga Vladimirovna Glushakova ◽  
Yaroslava Vaysberg ◽  
Natalia Vasilievna Fadeikina ◽  
Vladimir Vasilevich Mikhailov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Public Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Economic Development
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