scholarly journals Soil attributes as indicators of the stabilization process of erosion in gullies at different formation stages in the southeast region of Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Cristiane Figueira da Silva ◽  
Marcos Gervasio Pereira ◽  
Luiz Alberto da Silva Rodrigues ◽  
Sabrina Aparecida Teodoro ◽  
Marcelo Antoniol Fontes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Basal Soil Respiration ◽  
C And N ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Chemical Attributes

Water erosion is one of the main forms of soil degradation, causing economic, environmental, and social damage. This study evaluated the effects of different formation stages of gullies (initial - IG; juvenile- JG; mature - MG; and senile - SG) on the chemical, organic carbon and microbiological attributes of soil, using a secondary forest (SF) and two areas of pasture as references in the “Mar de Morros” environment of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biome. Soil samples (depth 0–0.05 m) were collected at the end of the rainy and dry seasons. Gullies in different stages of formation promote a decrease in soil fertility and modification of microbiological attributes, particularly when compared with secondary forest areas. Reductions of over 60% in total organic carbon (TOC), oxidizable organic carbon (POXC), FDA activity, β-glycosidase, acid phosphatase, C and N from microbial biomass, basal soil respiration (BSR) and glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) were observed in gullies in early (IG) and intermediate (JG and MG) stages when compared to SF. It was found that the effect of erosion on soil chemical and microbiological attributes is more intense in gullies in the initial and intermediate stages compared with those in the senile stage (SG). Using multivariate PCA, the microbiological and chemical attributes of the soil are discriminated between gullies with distinct formation stages. Chemical attributes, TOC, POXC, FDA activity, β-glycosidase, acid phosphatase, MBC and MBN, BSR, and GRSP are good indicators for evaluating the process of erosion stabilization in gullies.

scholarly journals Soil organic matter fractions, chemical attributes and aggregation under forestry and agricultural systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-468
Author(s):  
Cristiane Figueira da Silva ◽  
Marcos Gervasio Pereira ◽  
Júlio César Fernandes Feitosa ◽  
Ariovaldo Machado Fonseca Júnior ◽  
João Henrique Gaia-Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Mean Weight Diameter ◽  
P Content ◽  
Chemical Attributes ◽  
Organic Matter Fractions

The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of the conversion of forest systems to agricultural systems in the organic matter compartments, aggregation and soil chemical attributes, in the Atlantic Forest. The evaluated systems were: annual crop (ACr); perennial agriculture (PAg); pasture; and secondary forest early (SFES), medium (SFMS), and advanced stage (SFAS). Soil samples were collected at the layer of 0-5 cm depth and quantified the total organic carbon (TOC), C of humic substances, oxidizable C, granulometric fractions of soil organic matter (SOM), soil chemical attributes, soil aggregation and glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP-total and GRSP-easily extractable) in different aggregate classes. It was observed a reduction of the TOC, particulate organic carbon (POC), humic substances and oxidizable C in the PAg and ACr areas comparing to pasture and forest systems. Moreover, the pH values increased whereas P content decreased in comparison with SFAS. As for aggregation, the PAg and the ACr decreased by around 35% and 20% the mean weight diameter of aggregates, respectively, compared to the average values found in the forestry systems, and 34% and 45%, respectively in relation to pasture. In general, GRSP-total were reduced by agriculture. Thus, it appears that the agriculture which has been practiced is altering negatively the soil chemical, physical and biological attributes.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE CHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES OF A TYPIC HAPLUDULT SOIL UNDER FOREST SYSTEMS

FLORESTA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 447
Author(s):  
David Silva Gomes ◽  
Cláudio Roberto Marciano ◽  
Lucas Luís Faustino
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Superficial Layer ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Acacia Auriculiformis ◽  
Leguminous Tree ◽  
Inga Edulis ◽  
Chemical Attributes ◽  
Agronomic Quality ◽  
Janeiro State

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical quality of a Typic Hapludult soil under secondary forest (capoeira), pasture and three leguminous tree species: Acacia auriculiformis, Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia and Inga edulis, in Conceição de Macabú County, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, implemented in December 1998. Soil samples from the 0-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m layers were collected and analyzed in July/2015. The C content in the 0.10 m layer was higher in capoeira and lower in the pasture. The CECef and CECpH=7 values and the N, P, Ca, Mg and K levels were lower in pasture, higher in Acacia auriculiformis or capoeira, and intermediate in Inga edulis and Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia. The chemical variables regarding the vegetation cover generally had the lowest values in the pasture, the highest in the Acacia auriculiformis or capoeira, and intermediate values in Inga edulis and Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia. It was concluded that revegetation leads to changes in the superficial layer of the soil which make its attributes closer to those of capoeira and further away from those of pasture, indicating an increase in quality to support the functioning of a forest ecosystem, despite the worsening of some Agronomic quality indicators.

scholarly journals Indicators of peat soil degradation in the Biebrza valley, Poland

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-51
Author(s):  
Jadwiga Sienkiewicz ◽  
Grażyna Porębska ◽  
Apolonia Ostrowska ◽  
Dariusz Gozdowski
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Peat Deposits ◽  
External Sources ◽  
Soil C And N ◽  
C And N ◽  
Linear Regressions

Abstract Peat mineralisation leads to net loss of CO2 to the atmosphere, as well as to release of other elements from the decomposed soil organic matter (SOM) to groundwater. This results in the degradation of peat soils and the ecosystems they support. Here we evaluated the practical indicatory suitability of the existing and proposed new indices for the assessment of peat soil degradation in the Biebrza river valley encompassing, unique on European scale, peatland ecosystems. We studied relationships between soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (Ntot), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in a series of degraded peat soils in the Biebrza valley. Samples were taken from soils developed on peat deposits that varied in thickness and the degree of peat decomposition, from undegraded to highly mineralised peats. The relationships between changes in the SOC content and changes in the values of the remaining variables (SOM, Ntot, DOC, DON, C/N ratio), were statistically tested. Linear and non-linear regressions were used to establish the relationships amongst the variables examined. The losses of soil C and N occur independently and differ between stages of peat soil mineralisation. From our study, it results that the peat mineralisation intensity may be estimated based on the loss of SOC. We found that 1% loss of SOC corresponded to 1.028% loss of SOM, regardless of the degree of peat soil mineralisation, whereas SOM solubility, measured by the content of DOC, varied based on the intensity of peat soil mineralisation. The content of DOC decreased with the decrease in the SOC content, whereas the DOC/ SOC ratio increased depending on the intensity of peat decomposition. The C/N ratio is not a reliable indicator of peat mineralisation, because its values are driven not only by the nitrogen natively present in peat soils but also by nitrogen from external sources. The contents of SOC and Ntot did not decrease uniformly during peat decomposition because C and N show various mobility in the processes of SOM mineralisation. We found that the DOC/SOC ratio was most indicative of peat soil mineralisation intensity. © IOŚ-PIB

scholarly journals How Fertilisation Affects Distribution Of Carbon And Nutrients In Vineyard Soil?

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
Vladimír Šimanský ◽  
Ján Horák ◽  
Otto Ložek ◽  
Juraj Chlpík
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
The Other ◽  
Available P ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Vineyard Soil ◽  
C And N

Abstract The effect of fertilisation on C and N, P, K nutrients distribution in the Rendzic Leptosol in locality Nitra-Dražovce was studied. We evaluated the following treatments of fertilisation: (1) G (non-fertilised), (2) FYM (farmyard manure – dose 40 t/ha), (3) G+NPK3 (grass + 3rd intensity of fertilisation for vineyards), and (4) G+NPK1 (grass + 1st intensity of fertilisation for vineyards). The soil samples were taken in spring during the years 2008–2015. Obtained results showed that the content of organic carbon (Corg) decreased in the following order: G+NPK1 > FYM > G > G+NPK3 and content of total nitrogen (Nt) decreased in the following order: FYM > G+NPK3 > G+NPK1 > G. The application of NPK in the 1st intensity of fertilisation for vineyards and added FYM build up a Corg at an average rate of 370 and 229 mg/kg/year, respectively. On the other hand, contents of Nt due to fertilisation declined in FYM, G+NPK3 and G+NPK1 at an average rate of 53, 22 and 20 mg/kg/year, respectively. Available P and K contents were also increased after the fertilisation of FYM and NPK. Added fertilisers (G+NPK3) significantly build up a P at an average rate of 10.2 mg/kg/year.

scholarly journals Soil chemical attributes in a high biodiversity silvopastoral system

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 486-493
Author(s):  
Luiz Fernando Zin Battisti ◽  
Abdon Luiz Schmitt Filho ◽  
Arcângelo Loss ◽  
Paulo Antonio De Almeida Sinisgalli
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Primary Forest ◽  
Silvopastoral System ◽  
Chemical Attributes

The use of conservation managements such as the silvopastoral system, and the Voisin rational grazing system have been excellent alternatives to increase animal welfare and production efficiency and improve soil chemical attributes of degraded pastures. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluatethe effect of a High Biodiversity Silvopastoral System (SPSNUCLEUS) on the soil chemical attributes through comparisons with soils of a Management Intensive Grazing without trees (MIG), primary forest, and secondary forest areas. Total organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, Al, H+Al, Ca, Mg, K, and P were evaluated after four years of implementation of SPSNUCLEUS. Soil samples from the layers 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, and 30-40 cm were collected in all areas—SPSNUCLEUS, MIG, primary forest, and secondary forest. SPSNUCLEUS had better soil quality, with increased P and K contents (0-30 cm), compared to the other areas, and higher total organic carbon,and total nitrogen contents (5-30 cm) when compared to the MIG and secondary forest areas. The soil carbon accumulation capacity in the SPSNUCLEUS area in the layers of 5-10 cm and 20-40 cm was similar to that of the primary forest area, and higher to those of the other areas. SPSNUCLEUS proved to be a promising system to improve the soil chemical attributes of pastures.

Soil erosion leads to significant mobilisation of terrestrial organic and inorganic carbon

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Turnbull ◽  
John Wainwright
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Dust Emission ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Land Use Systems ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Soil Erosion Rates

<p>Soil carbon content is greatly affected by soil degradation – in particular erosional processes – which cannot be ignored in the context of the global C cycle. Soil degradation, driven largely by wind and water erosion, affects up to 66% of Earth’s terrestrial surface. Understanding how soil degradation affects soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil inorganic carbon (SIC) stocks is an essential component of understanding global C cycling and global C budgets, and is essential for improved C management and climate-change mitigation policies.</p><p>In this study, we quantify the distribution of SOC and SIC, and estimate their combined effects on carbon mobilisation via water and wind-driven erosion. We estimate spatially variable water-driven erosion rates for different land-use systems and degradation severities using values obtained from a meta-analysis of soil erosion rates, and undertake stochastic simulations to account for possible uncertainty in our estimates. For wind-driven soil erosion rates we use modelled dust emission rates from AeroCom Phase III model experiments for the 2010 control year, for 14 different models. We use the Harmonized World Soil Database v1.2 to calculate SOC and SIC stocks, the GLASOD map of soil degradation to estimate soil degradation severities and the Land Use Systems of the World database to estimate water-driven erosion rates associated with different land-use systems.  </p><p>We find that 651 Pg SOC and 306 Pg SIC (in the top 1-m of soil) is located in degrading soils. We estimate global water-driven soil erosion to be 216.4 Pg yr<sup>-1</sup>, which results in the mobilisation of ~2.9536 Pg OC yr<sup>-1</sup>. Accounting for the enrichment of organic carbon in eroded sediment increases these estimates up to 12.2 Pg SOC yr<sup>-1</sup>. A minimum estimate of SIC mobilisation by water erosion is ~0.5592 Pg IC yr<sup>-1</sup>. Dust emission model ensemble results indicate that ~19.8 Pg soil is eroded for the 2010 AeroCom reference year, with ~11.1 Pg deposited via dry deposition and ~7.2  Pg deposited via wet deposition. The total amount of SOC and SIC mobilised by water-driven erosion is greater than wind-driven erosion, and the spatial patterns of SIC and SOC mobilisation by wind and water vary considerably. Across all land-use types, water-driven carbon mobilisation is higher than wind. Water-driven SOC mobilisation is highest in cropland (~ 2.6602 Pg OC yr<sup>-1</sup>) where high erosion rates coincide with average SOC content of 68.4 tonnes ha<sup>-1</sup>. SIC mobilisation follows the same pattern in relation to land use, with highest water-driven mobilisation in cropland (~0.4660 Pg IC yr<sup>-1</sup>) and highest wind-driven mobilisation in bare areas (0.05 Pg IC yr<sup>-1</sup>). Overall, wind-driven erosion mobilises more IC than OC.</p><p>Future land-use change has great potential to affect global soil carbon stocks further, especially with increases in the severity of soil degradation as human pressures on agricultural systems increase.</p>

scholarly journals A Two-Stage Approach to the Estimation of High-Resolution Soil Organic Carbon Storage with Good Extension Capability

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 517
Author(s):  
Sunwei Wei ◽  
Zhengyong Zhao ◽  
Qi Yang ◽  
Xiaogang Ding
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Guangdong Province ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Ann Model ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Organic Carbon Storage

Soil organic carbon storage (SOCS) estimation is a crucial branch of the atmospheric–vegetation–soil carbon cycle study under the background of global climate change. SOCS research has increased worldwide. The objective of this study is to develop a two-stage approach with good extension capability to estimate SOCS. In the first stage, an artificial neural network (ANN) model is adopted to estimate SOCS based on 255 soil samples with five soil layers (20 cm increments to 100 cm) in Luoding, Guangdong Province, China. This method is compared with three common methods: The soil type method (STM), ordinary kriging (OK), and radial basis function (RBF) interpolation. In the second stage, a linear model is introduced to capture the regional differences and further improve the estimation accuracy of the Luoding-based ANN model when extending it to Xinxing, Guangdong Province. This is done after assessing the generalizability of the above four methods with 120 soil samples from Xinxing. The results for the first stage show that the ANN model has much better estimation accuracy than STM, OK, and RBF, with the average root mean square error (RMSE) of the five soil layers decreasing by 0.62–0.90 kg·m−2, R2 increasing from 0.54 to 0.65, and the mean absolute error decreasing from 0.32 to 0.42. Moreover, the spatial distribution maps produced by the ANN model are more accurate than those of other methods for describing the overall and local SOCS in detail. The results of the second stage indicate that STM, OK, and RBF have poor generalizability (R2 < 0.1), and the R2 value obtained with ANN method is also 43–56% lower for the five soil layers compared with the estimation accuracy achieved in Luoding. However, the R2 of the linear models built with the 20% soil samples from Xinxing are 0.23–0.29 higher for the five soil layers. Thus, the ANN model is an effective method for accurately estimating SOCS on a regional scale with a small number of field samples. The linear model could easily extend the ANN model to outside areas where the ANN model was originally developed with a better level of accuracy.

Post-thinning soil organic matter evolution and soil CO2 effluxes in temperate radiata pine plantations: impacts of moderate thinning regimes on the forest C cycle

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 1953-1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Fernandez ◽  
Juan Gabriel Álvarez-González ◽  
Beatríz Carrasco ◽  
Ana Daría Ruíz-González ◽  
Ana Cabaneiro
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Change Scenario ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C Storage ◽  
C Cycle ◽  
C And N

Forest ecosystems can act as C sinks, thus absorbing a high percentage of atmospheric CO2. Appropriate silvicultural regimes can therefore be applied as useful tools in climate change mitigation strategies. The present study analyzed the temporal changes in the effects of thinning on soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics and on soil CO2 emissions in radiata pine ( Pinus radiata D. Don) forests. Soil C effluxes were monitored over a period of 2 years in thinned and unthinned plots. In addition, soil samples from the plots were analyzed by solid-state 13C-NMR to determine the post-thinning SOM composition and fresh soil samples were incubated under laboratory conditions to determine their biodegradability. The results indicate that the potential soil C mineralization largely depends on the proportion of alkyl-C and N-alkyl-C functional groups in the SOM and on the microbial accessibility of the recalcitrant organic pool. Soil CO2 effluxes varied widely between seasons and increased exponentially with soil heating. Thinning led to decreased soil respiration and attenuation of the seasonal fluctuations. These effects were observed for up to 20 months after thinning, although they disappeared thereafter. Thus, moderate thinning caused enduring changes to the SOM composition and appeared to have temporary effects on the C storage capacity of forest soils, which is a critical aspect under the current climatic change scenario.

scholarly journals Chemical attributes of a Hapludox soil after nine years of pig slurry application

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1766-1773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton da Veiga ◽  
Carla Maria Pandolfo ◽  
Alvadi Antonio Balbinot Junior ◽  
Evandro Spagnollo
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Continuous Application ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Chemical Attributes ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Cu And Zn

The objective of this study was to evaluate the pig slurry application effects on chemical attributes of a Hapludox soil managed under no-tillage system. Treatments consisted of 50, 100 and 200 m³ ha-1 per year of pig slurry application, and a control with replacement of P and K exported through harvested grains. Attributes related to soil chemical reaction, exchange complex, and nutrient contents were determined in soil samples collected in the ninth year of experimentation from 0 - 0.025, 0.025 - 0.05, 0.05 - 0.10, 0.10 - 0.20, 0.20 - 0.40 and 0.40 - 0.60 m soil depths. The continuous application of high doses of pig slurry on the Oxisol surface under no-tillage acidifies the soil and increases Al, P, Cu, and Zn contents down to 0.2-m depth, and K levels down to 0.6-m depth.

scholarly journals Microbiological properties and oxidizable organic carbon fractions of an oxisol under coffee with split phosphorus applications and irrigation regimes

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Rodolfo da Costa ◽  
Juliana Hiromi Sato ◽  
Maria Lucrécia Gerosa Ramos ◽  
Cícero Célio de Figueiredo ◽  
Géssica Pereira de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Carbon Fractions ◽  
Irrigation Regimes ◽  
Organic Carbon Fractions

Phosphorus fertilization and irrigation increase coffee production, but little is known about the effect of these practices on soil organic matter and soil microbiota in the Cerrado. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological and oxidizable organic carbon fractions of a dystrophic Red Latossol under coffee and split phosphorus (P) applications and different irrigation regimes. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design in a 3 x 2 factorial design with three split P applications (P1: 300 kg ha-1 P2O5, recommended for the crop year, of which two thirds were applied in September and the third part in December; P2: 600 kg ha-1 P2O5, applied at planting and then every two years, and P3: 1,800 kg ha-1 P2O5, the requirement for six years, applied at once at planting), two irrigation regimes (rainfed and year-round irrigation), with three replications. The layers 0-5 and 5-10 cm were sampled to determine microbial biomass carbon (MBC), basal respiration (BR), enzyme activity of acid phosphatase, the oxidizable organic carbon fractions (F1, F2, F3, and F4), and total organic carbon (TOC). The irrigation regimes increased the levels of MBC, microbial activity and acid phosphatase, TOC and oxidizable fractions of soil organic matter under coffee. In general, the form of dividing P had little influence on the soil microbial properties and OC. Only P3 under irrigation increased the levels of MBC and acid phosphatase activity.

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