Screening of Yeast in Various Vineyard Soil and Study on Its Flavor Compounds from Brewing Grape Wine

In order to screen out Saccharomyces cerevisiae suitable for table grape fermentation, and compare it with commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae in terms of fermentation performance and aroma producing substances, differences of fermentation flavor caused by different strains were discussed. In this experiment, yeast was isolated and purified from vineyard soil, 26s rDNA identification and fermentation substrate tolerance analysis were carried out, and the causes of flavor differences of wine were analyzed from three aspects: GC-MS, PCA and sensory evaluation. The results showed that strain S1 had the highest floral aroma fraction, corresponding to its high production of ethyl octanoate and other substances, and it had the characteristics of high sugar tolerance. The fruit sensory score of S3 wine was the highest among the six wines. Through exploration and analysis, it was found that compared with commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the screened strains had more advantages in fermenting table grapes. The flavor of each wine was directly related to the growth characteristics and tolerance of its strains.

Vineibacter terrae gen. nov., sp. nov., an ammonium-assimilating and nitrate-reducing bacterium isolated from vineyard soil

A polyphasic taxonomic approach was used to characterize a Gram-stain-negative bacterium, designated strain CC-CFT640T, isolated from vineyard soil sampled in Taiwan. Cells of strain CC-CFT640T were aerobic, non-motile, nitrate-reducing rods. Test results were positive for catalase, oxidase and proteinase activities. Optimal growth occurred at 30 °С and pH 7. Strain CC-CFT640T showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to members of the genus Enhydrobacter (90.0 %, n=1) followed by Hypericibacter (89.4–90.0 %, n=2), Reyranella (88.8–89.8 %, n=5) and Nitrospirillum (89.2–89.4 %, n=2), and formed a distinct phyletic lineage distantly associated with the clade that predominately accommodated Reynerella species. The DNA G+C composition of the genome (2.1 Mb) was 67.9 mol%. Genes involved in the reduction of nitrate to nitrite, nitric oxide and nitrous oxide were found. In addition, genes encoding dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia, ammonium transport and ammonium assimilation were also detected. Average nucleotide identity values were 73.3 % (n=1), 74.0–74.6 % (n=2), 67.5–68.3 % (n=2) when compared within the type strains of the genera Enhydrobacter , Reyranella and Niveispirillum , respectively. The dominant cellular fatty acids (>5 %) included C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 1 ω10c, C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c, C18 : 1 2-OH and C18 : 1 ω7c/C18 : 1 ω6c. The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified aminolipids, three unidentified phospholipids and an unidentified aminophospholipid. The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone 10 and the major polyamine was spermidine. Based on its distinct phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic traits together with results of comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing, digital DNA–DNA hybridization, average nucleotide identity and phylogenomic placement, strain CC-CFT640T is considered to represent a novel genus and species of the family Rhodospirillaceae , for which the name Vineibacter terrae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CC-CFT640T (=BCRC 81219T=JCM 33507T).

Influence of nutrients in soil and vine leaves and meteorological factors upon vine crop and must quality

The aim of this work was to analyze the supply of vine by nutrients by determining the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium in the vineyard soil and the vine leaves. Its further goal was to discover mutual relationships among the content of determined nutrients, the vine crop, and the quality of the produced must. Must quality was here defined by the contents of sugar and acids. The final goal was to investigate the relations among the nutrients, vine crop and its quality and meteorological factors measured during the whole year cycle, and especially at the time of important vegetation changes. The necessary evaluations were performed using multidimensional data analysis.

DNA sequence and community structure diversity of multi-year soil fungi in Grape of Xinjiang

This study is designed to understand the community structure and diversity of fungi in the rhizosphere soil of grape. As the sample for this study, the rhizosphere soil of Crimson seedless grape with different planting years was collected from Shihezi in Xinjiang to carry out high-throughput sequencing, by which the complete sequence of soil fungi DNA was identified, and accordingly, the richness and diversity index of fungi were determined. The results showed that the dominant phyla of fungi in the grape rhizosphere soil with different planting years were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, and the dominant classes of fungi were Sordariomycetes and Dothideomycetes. Soil organic matter, total potassium, total nitrogen and available phosphorus were the main soil fertility factors affecting the abundance and diversity of soil fungal communities, among which soil organic matter had the most significant influence. In addition, the fungal diversity and richness were highest in the middle layer (20–35 cm) of the grape rhizosphere soil with 12 planting years and lowest in the lower layer (35–50 cm) of the grape rhizosphere soil with 5 planting years. Linear discriminant analysis suggested that there were more biomarkers in the vineyard rhizosphere soil with 10 planting years, which meant there were more fungal communities with significant difference in the soil, especially in the middle layer (20–35). The results of this study can provide data reference and theoretical basis for improving vineyard soil quality, evaluating soil microecological effects and improving ecological environment of vineyard soil.

Inoculation with Mycorrhizal Fungi and Irrigation Management Shape the Bacterial and Fungal Communities and Networks in Vineyard Soils

Vineyard-living microbiota affect grapevine health and adaptation to changing environments and determine the biological quality of soils that strongly influence wine quality. However, their abundance and interactions may be affected by vineyard management. The present study was conducted to assess whether the vineyard soil microbiome was altered by the use of biostimulants (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation vs. non-inoculated) and/or irrigation management (fully irrigated vs. half irrigated). Bacterial and fungal communities in vineyard soils were shaped by both time course and soil management (i.e., the use of biostimulants and irrigation). Regarding alpha diversity, fungal communities were more responsive to treatments, whereas changes in beta diversity were mainly recorded in the bacterial communities. Edaphic factors rarely influence bacterial and fungal communities. Microbial network analyses suggested that the bacterial associations were weaker than the fungal ones under half irrigation and that the inoculation with AMF led to the increase in positive associations between vineyard-soil-living microbes. Altogether, the results highlight the need for more studies on the effect of management practices, especially the addition of AMF on cropping systems, to fully understand the factors that drive their variability, strengthen beneficial microbial networks, and achieve better soil quality, which will improve crop performance.

Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi and irrigation management shaped the bacterial and fungal communities and networks in vineyard soils

Background: Vineyard-living microbiota play a relevant role in supporting grapevine health and adaptation to changing environments and determining the biological quality of soils that strongly influence the wine quality and characteristics. However, management practices may shape the abundance and interactions of bacteria and fungi in vineyard soils. We conducted this experiment to assess whether the vineyard soil microbiome was altered by different management practices with the use of biostimulants (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation vs. non-inoculated) and/or irrigation management (full irrigated vs. half irrigated). Results: Bacterial and fungal communities in vineyard soils were shaped by both time course and soil management (i.e. use of biostimulants or irrigation). Regarding alpha diversity, fungal communities were more responsive to treatments whereas changes on beta diversity were mainly recorded in the bacterial communities. Edaphic factors rarely influenced bacterial and fungal communities. Microbial network analyses suggested that the bacterial associations were weaker than the fungal ones under half irrigation and that the inoculation with AMF led to the increase of positive associations between vineyard soil-living microbes. Conclusion: Our results indicated different sensibilities within microbial communities living in vineyards, as well as, how they changed during the season, and in response to management practices. Moreover, results highlighted the need of more studies leading with the effect of management practices, especially the addition of AMF, to cropping systems to fully understand the factors that drive their variability, strengthen beneficial microbial networks and achieved a better soil quality that improves crop performance.

Can biochar restore soil quality in a degraded forest and vineyard soil in a one-year percolation lysimeters study, in Portugal?

<p>The use of biochar has increased worldwide in the last years due to its good results for several soil quality indicators. However, restoration potential depends on the type and amount of biochar for each specific soil and land use. In order to investigate this restoration potential differential, we conducted an experiment where we amended two contrasting degraded soils with the same biochar. We installed a controlled and fully randomized percolation lysimeter experiment (3 replicates) with 15 lysimeters on a moderately steep slope angle, monitored for one year. Two types of soil were collected, a low organic matter, hydrophilic vineyard soil and a high organic matter, hydrophobic forest soil. Biochar was applied at 4% for both soils, and an additional treatment at 2% for the forest soil only. Selected soil quality indicators are: soil organic matter, medium weight diameter, aggregate stability, bulk density, pH, electric conductivity, potassium (K), phosphorus (P), soil water repellency, biomass quality. The present study comprises four data collections in different seasons along the year, enabling to compare the development of the biochar effects on different types of soil and its short- and medium-term behaviour.</p>

Analyzing Regional Geographic Challenges: The Resilience of Chinese Vineyards to Land Degradation Using a Societal and Biophysical Approach

Land degradation, especially soil erosion, is a societal issue that affects vineyards worldwide, but there are no current investigations that inform specifically about soil erosion rates in Chinese vineyards. In this review, we analyze this problem and the need to avoid irreversible damage to soil and their use from a regional point of view. Information about soil erosion in vineyards has often failed to reach farmers, and we can affirm that to this time, soil erosion in Chinese vineyards has been more of a scientific hypothesis than an agronomic or environmental concern. Two hypotheses can be presented to justify this review: (i) there are no official and scientific investigations on vineyard soil erosion in China as the main topic, and it may be understood that stakeholders do not care about this or (ii) there is a significant lack of information and motivation among farmers, policymakers and wineries concerning the consequences of soil erosion. Therefore, this review proposes a plan to study vineyard soil erosion processes for the first time in China and develop a structured scientific proposal considering different techniques and strategies. To achieve these goals, we present a plan considering previous research on other viticultural regions. We hypothesize that the results of a project from a regional geographic point of view would provide the necessary scientific support to facilitate deriving guidelines for sustainable vineyard development in China. We concluded that after completing this review, we cannot affirm why vine plantations have not received the same attention as other crops or land uses.

Estimation of soil classes and their relationship to grapevine vigor in a Bordeaux vineyard: advancing the practical joint use of electromagnetic induction (EMI) and NDVI datasets for precision viticulture

Working within a vineyard in the Pessac Léognan Appellation of Bordeaux, France, this study documents the potential of using simple statistical methods with spatially-resolved and increasingly available electromagnetic induction (EMI) geophysical and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) datasets to accurately estimate Bordeaux vineyard soil classes and to quantitatively explore the relationship between vineyard soil types and grapevine vigor. First, co-located electrical tomographic tomography (ERT) and EMI datasets were compared to gain confidence about how the EMI method averaged soil properties over the grapevine rooting depth. Then, EMI data were used with core soil texture and soil-pit based interpretations of Bordeaux soil types (Brunisol, Redoxisol, Colluviosol and Calcosol) to estimate the spatial distribution of geophysically-identified Bordeaux soil classes. A strong relationship (r = 0.75, p < 0.01) was revealed between the geophysically-identified Bordeaux soil classes and NDVI (both 2 m resolution), showing that the highest grapevine vigor was associated with the Bordeaux soil classes having the largest clay fraction. The results suggest that within-block variability of grapevine vigor was largely controlled by variability in soil classes, and that carefully collected EMI and NDVI datasets can be exceedingly helpful for providing quantitative estimates of vineyard soil and vigor variability, as well as their covariation. The method is expected to be transferable to other viticultural regions, providing an approach to use easy-to-acquire, high resolution datasets to guide viticultural practices, including routine management and replanting.