EVALUACIÓN DE ESPECIES DE MOSCAS DE LA FRUTA Y SUS HOSPEDEROS EN LA ZONA DE SATIPO

Las plantas hospederas de mosca de la fruta fueron evaluados de los fundos de la zona de Satipo, en campo y laboratorio. Los resultados muestran que los cítricos están infestadas por Anastrepha fraterculus; mientras que los frutales nativos con otras especies de Anastrepha, como son A. striata, A. leptozona, y A. distincta. Se ha encontrado un díptero amarillo en el caimito que no pertenece a los tephritidae. Se tiene 19 frutales distintos hospederas, siendo los cítricos C. reticulata x C. aurantifolia, Citrus limettioides, Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus reticulata, Citrus reshni, Citrus sinensis, C. reticulata x C. sinensis, C. reticulata x C. paradisi; y los frutales nativos y exóticos, Chrysophillum caimito, Averrhoa carambola, Spondias sp., Psidium guajaba, Manguifera indica, Inga edulis Mart, Anacardiaceae y Matisia cordata. El uvo de monte, guayaba y caimito sufren un daño de entre 83 Y 100%. El zapote y pacae muestran daños de entre 66 a 53%. El mango y carambola muestran daños de 31 a 26%. En los cítricos, la naranja Washington muestra los niveles más altos de infestación con 45%,; las mandarinas entre 27 y 32%, las naranjas entre 14 y 22%, los híbridos entre 20 y 22%, los portainjertos entre 26 y 27%. Las pérdidas económicas provinciales del 14% por moscas de la fruta sólo en naranja Valencia se estima en U.S.$ 2,025,000,00. Palabras clave: Anastrepha, fraterculus, striata, cítricos, Satipo,

Aprovechamiento de flora apícola en dos colmenares localizados en los cantones La Concordia y Mocache, Ecuador

Introducción. Antes de planificar actividades de manejo que permitan incrementar la producción apícola, es necesario datos de los elementos florísticos que integran los sistemas de uso de la tierra adyacentes a los colmenares, en esta ocasión para dos unidades productivas de las zonas 4 y 5 de Ecuador. Objetivos. Reconocer especies vegetales con potencial apícola, y estimar su abundancia más la durabilidad de la floración. Metodología. Con el empleo de los métodos: documental, y de campo, para el reconocimiento taxonómico de plantas melíferas, su cantidad, más el monitoreo del florecimiento de cada especie apícola. El análisis estadístico con la aplicación de la prueba de Mann Whitney a las variables abundancia y durabilidad de la floración. Resultados. Las principales familias botánicas con especies nectaríferas y poliníferas en los sitios de estudio son; Fabaceae, Anacardiaceae, Asteraceae y Capparaceae. Para el Colmenar C1 son 14 especies, pertenecientes a 12 familias, por su parte para el colmenar C2 con 22 especies, pertenecientes a 14 familias botánicas. La oferta del recurso floral tiene un comportamiento similar de abundancia de plantas entre los colmenares C1 y C2 a pesar de poseer mayor cantidad de especies con potencial apícola el colmenar C2, lo cual obedece al manejo que se aplica a las áreas que integran los diferentes sistemas de uso del suelo de cada predio. Conclusión. Finalmente, la duración de las flores de las especies que ofertan alimento a las abejas de los colmenares C1 y C2 oscila de 1 a 12 meses durante el año 2020 con predominancia para el colmenar C1 de Cordia alliodora, Erythrina edulis, Senna alata, Inga edulis, Persea americana, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Piper aduncum, y Cestrum racemosum que florecen entre 10 a 12 meses. En cambio, en el colmenar C2; Tridax procumbens, Pelargonium sp, y Hydrangea sp florecen durante todo el año.

First report of the phytoseiid mite Neoparaphytoseius charapa Jiménez, McMurtry & Moraes, 2014 (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to Brazil, with notes on the occurrence of the genus

Phytoseiid mites collected on Inga edulis L. (Leguminosae) in three localities in the Amazonas State, Brazil, were identified as Neoparaphytoseius charapa Jiménez, McMurtry & Moraes, 2014. This is the first report of this species in Brazil. Notes on geographic occurrence and association of Neoparaphytoseius Chant & McMurtry, 2003 species with host plants are presented.

Browse from Three Tree Legumes Increases Forage Production for Cattle in a Silvopastoral System in the Southwest Amazon

Assessing the palatability of forage from locally adapted trees could improve the sustainability of livestock production systems. However, grasses continue to dominate livestock feed across the Amazon. We established a silvopastoral cattle farming system in Peru, comparing three different forage tree species with grass monocultures using a randomised block design. Trees were arranged in alleys of 0.5 × 7.5 m, planted alongside grass, and were directly browsed by cattle. Browse removal was estimated by three methods: destructive sampling, canopy measurements and leaf counts. We found that all three tree species were palatable to cattle. Plots containing trees and grass produced more available forage (mean > 2.2 Mg ha−1) for cattle than the grass monocultures (mean = 1.5 Mg ha−1). Destructive sampling below 1.6 m demonstrated that cattle consumed 99% of the available Erythrina berteroana forage, 75% of the available Inga edulis forage and 80% of the available Leucaena leucocephala forage in 8 days. This research demonstrates methodologies to estimate the intake of locally adapted browse species by cattle and highlights the potential benefits of silvopastoral systems in the Amazon. Planting trees could also benefit animal health and provide ecosystem services such as soil regeneration, enhanced nutrient cycling and carbon capture.

Germination biology of the exotic ice cream bean (Inga edulis Mart.) seed from Bedugul, Bali

Inga edulis is an exotic edible Fabaceae species locally known as buah es krim in Bedugul, Bali. The plant species is a favourite fruit for consumption and trading due to the sweet sarcostesta. Wild I. edulis are abundantly grown in Bedugul. The current study aim is to describes I. edulis germination biology. This study will provide data for I. edulis future research both in its domestication and invasion prevention. I. edulis seeds are collected two times from wild plants growing within Bali Botanic Garden. A total of twenty-one I. edulis seeds are germinated in a clear closed plastic container with agar media at Bali Botanic Garden Seed Bank Laboratory. The germination process was observed daily until the seventh day after sowing (DAS) while number of seedlings was calculated in the last observation day. Quantitative and qualitative data analysis was conducted to describe I. edulis seed germination biology. This study result shows that I. edulis seeds produce high germination percentage rapidly. I. edulis seeds exhibited hypogeal germination and phanerocotylar hypogeal with reserve storage seedling functional type. Polyembryony was also present with a single seed can produce up to four seedlings.

A new species of Aididae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea) and the first record of the family for the Northern Region of Brazil

A new species of Aididae is described and illustrated based on adults (male and female) and immature (last instar larvae). The larvae were found infesting leaves of Inga edulis Martius (Fabaceae) in the municipality of Autazes, State of Amazonas, representing the first record of Aididae in the northern region of Brazil. The new species is further compared with its closest species, Aidos amanda (Stoll, 1782).

Organic Fertilization with Residues of Cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum) and Inga (Inga edulis) for Improving Soil Fertility in Central Amazonia

The cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. Ex Spreng.) K. Schum.) is a native fruit tree which has, in the past years, acquired great social and economic importance for the regional farmers. The nutrient-rich and often wasted cupuassu tree fruit shell residues can contribute to the improvement of the low fertility soil of Amazonia. A trial was carried out on a small holder’s cupuassu plantation in Central Amazonia to ascertain the effect of organic fertilization on the recovery of soil fertility and plant nutrition by using material from cupuassu shell residues and Inga edulis pruning (branches and leaves). The fertilization with cupuassu rinds + Inga prunings improved soil fertility, mainly by the increase of K and Ca in the soil, but only with liming, which appears to favor the mineralization of these nutrients. At the 0–10 cm depth, the Ca level increased about 50% compared to the control and the K level increased 75% compared to the cupuassu shell treatments. The significant increase of about 30% in N absorption by trees in the plots without liming shows that the application of green manure can increase the mineralization of N in Oxisols. These results show that the organic residue sources used can result in a nutrient-bearing organic fertilizer and become a low-cost alternative for recycling cupuassu processing residues.

Carbon stored in forest plantations in The Mariano Dámaso Beraún District, Huánuco – Perú

The objective of the research work was to estimate the carbon stored in the forest plantations in the district of Mariano Dámaso Beraún, and for this allometric equations were used, which allowed determining the biomass and this, in turn, the above-ground carbon; Soil organic carbon (COS) was also estimated and the relationship between them was determined. The study was carried out in three 1,5 year old forest plantations, located in the following altitudinal strata: 787 masl (Quesada), 1.153 masl (Chincamayo) and 1.455 masl (Corazón de Jesús), located in the Mariano Dámaso Beraún district. , Leoncio Prado province, Huánuco department. The established species were: Schizolobium amazonicum Huber ex Ducke (spiny pine), Licaria trianda (Swartz) Kostermans (cinnamon moena), Inga edulis C. Martius (guaba), Swietenia macrophylla G. King (mahogany) and Juglans neotropica Diels (walnut); and as a result, the aerial biomass was 2,34 t/ha for the altitude of 787 msnm., 1,77 t/ha for the altitude of 1.153 msnm., and 1,63 t/ha for the altitude of 1.455 msnm.; therefore, the total airborne carbon stored was 1,17 t/ha for the altitude of 787 msnm., 0,89 t/ha for the altitude of 1.153 msnm., and 0,82 t/ha for the altitude of 1.455 msnm.; the total content of organic carbon in the soil was 67,22 t/ha for the altitude of 787 msnm., 68,77 t/ha for the altitude of 1.153 msnm., and 90,09 t/ha for the altitude of 1.455 msnm.; and according to Pearson's correlation, it indicates that there is no statistically significant relationship between the total airborne carbon content with the soil organic carbon in the district under study.

Structure of ant-diaspore networks and their functional outcomes in a Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Ants are able to interact with fruits and seeds that are not adapted for ant seed dispersal. In Brazil, several studies show interactions of ants with non-myrmecochorous diaspores; however, few of them have studied the structure of ant-fruit networks. The use of the network approach allows visualising multiple interactions between partners and how they are shaped by the community context. Our study aims to investigate ant-fruit networks as well as quantitative and qualitative dispersal components in a fragment of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We investigated the structure of interaction networks, diaspore removal rates, diaspore destination and dispersal distance over two years of observation. We constructed three interaction networks: dry season, rainy season and total, with the latter comprising the two formers. The diaspore removal rate, dispersal distance and diaspore destination experiments were performed for the plant species Miconia calvescens, Miconia prasina, Psychotria leiocarpa and Inga edulis. We recorded a large number of interactions, with diaspore cleaning being more frequent than removal. Ant-diaspore networks were nested, non-modular and little specialized. M. calvescens, M. prasina and I. edulis showed higher diaspore removal rates. Diaspore removal distances were the same among M. calvescens, M. prasina and I. edulis. In M. calvescens and I. edulis, the main diaspore destination was the ant’s nest. Our study shows that diaspore cleaning is the most common behavior in ant-diaspore interactions and there are no differences in the organization of interaction networks over the seasons. These results have implications for the future structure of plant communities, considering that a small part of the diaspores is removed, and that most of them are cleaned, favouring germination at the deposition site.