Cryptorchidism and Fertility

Cryptorchidism, the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum prenatally, occurs in 2.4%-5% of newborns. Many of these testes will descend spontaneously shortly after birth, but ~23% will remain undescended unless surgery is performed. Bilaterally cryptorchid men have a six times greater risk of being infertile when compared with unilaterally cryptorchid men and the general male population. Approximately 10% of infertile men have a history of cryptorchidism and orchidopexy. The main reasons for infertility in men with a history of cryptorchidism treated by orchidopexy are maldevelopment of the testes and an improper environment for the normal development of the testes, hyperthermia, and antisperm antibodies.

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Obstructions

Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes ◽

10.1093/med/9780199235292.003.9098 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 1428-1429

Author(s):

Franco Dondero ◽

Francesco Lombardo

Keyword(s):

Recent Progress ◽

Diagnosis And Treatment ◽

Obstructive Azoospermia ◽

Male Population ◽

Infertile Men ◽

General Male Population ◽

Normal Spermatogenesis ◽

Clinical Conditions ◽

Secretory Azoospermia

Azoospermia, the absence of sperm, is the most challenging of clinical conditions despite recent progress in diagnosis and treatment. The prevalence of azoospermia is less than 1% among all men, and approximately 10–15% among infertile men. Its incidence in the general male population is 2–3% (1). Testicular (secretory) azoospermia is untreatable in most cases, and even when a cure can be attempted, success is usually low. Obstructive azoospermia, in contrast, is characterized by normal spermatogenesis and is therefore potentially treatable. Accordingly, this condition has always been the focus of physicians’ interest and attention.

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An actual use comparison of condoms meeting Australian and Swiss standards: results of a double-blind crossover trial

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1258/0956462971920479 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. 427-431 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

K W K Benton ◽

D Jolley ◽

A M A Smith ◽

J Gerofi ◽

R Moodie

Keyword(s):

Self Report ◽

Male Population ◽

Double Blind ◽

Iso Standards ◽

Condom Usage ◽

Actual Use ◽

General Male Population ◽

Vaginal Sex ◽

History Of ◽

Better Than

The performance of condoms in actual use has been poorly researched in the past, especially in comparing condoms that met different quality control standards as indicated by laboratory testing. The present study used a double-blind crossover design to compare the performance of 2 types of condoms in actual use; one that met the Australian and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards for condom quality and one that met the more stringent Swiss Quality Seal requirements. Ninety-two men recruited from Metropolitan Melbourne completed a self-report diary sheet after each condom was used which assessed the performance of the condom and the conditions under which it was used. From a total of 1917 condom uses, there was an overall breakage risk of 2.7%. The breakage risk ratio (Australian/ISO : Swiss) for all types of use was 1.16 (95% confidence interval 0.68-1.99). When subanalyses by method of entry were performed, the condoms meeting the Swiss standard appeared to fare better than the Australian/ ISO standards for anal sex (RR=4.84, 95% CI 1.07-21.8, P =0.022), while the opposite was the case for vaginal sex (RR=0.74, 95% CI 0.35-1.53, P =0.41). The result for anal use was statistically significant at the 5% level, despite being based on fewer condom trials than that for vaginal use, but this result needs to be replicated. Although the participants appeared representative of the general male population in Melbourne in the age bracket 18-46 years, there was a significant history of condom usage reported. This may have influenced the risk of breakage.

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Varicocele Embolization: Patient Selection: Preprocedure Workup, and Technical Considerations

Seminars in Interventional Radiology ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1727105 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 38 (02) ◽

pp. 176-181

Author(s):

Vibhor Wadhwa ◽

James A. Kashanian ◽

Marc Schiffman ◽

Timothy D. McClure

Keyword(s):

Minimally Invasive ◽

Patient Selection ◽

Spermatic Cord ◽

Venous Plexus ◽

Male Population ◽

Percutaneous Embolization ◽

Infertile Men ◽

General Male Population ◽

Technical Details ◽

Technical Considerations

AbstractVaricocele refers to an abnormally dilated and tortuous pampiniform venous plexus within the spermatic cord. The prevalence of varicocele is reported to be approximately 15% in the general male population. Its incidence increases with age and has a higher incidence in infertile men. Varicocele treatment (surgical or interventional) is considered one of the most common therapies of reversible infertility in men. Percutaneous embolization offers nonsurgical, minimally invasive option for the treatment of varicoceles, requiring only minimal sedation. In this article, the authors review the clinical and technical details of percutaneous varicocele embolization with a summary of currently available evidence.

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Exogenous Testosterone Use and Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

Journal of VitreoRetinal Diseases ◽

10.1177/2474126417739791 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 12-15

Author(s):

Yicheng Chen ◽

Bradley T. Smith

Keyword(s):

Central Serous Chorioretinopathy ◽

Chart Review ◽

Subretinal Fluid ◽

Retrospective Chart Review ◽

Male Population ◽

General Male Population ◽

History Of ◽

The Right ◽

Practice Patient

Purpose: To investigate the clinical characteristics of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) in the setting of exogenous testosterone use. Methods: Retrospective chart review of patients with a history of exogenous testosterone use and a diagnosis of CSCR at a large retina practice. Patient charts were reviewed for vision, clinical examination, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) results at each visit. Results: Four hundred eighty patients with a diagnosis of CSCR were identified, of which 7 patients had a history of exogenous testosterone use (1.46%). Of all, 0 of 7 patients reported any other steroid use. Ages ranged from 36 to 55 (mean, 46.57), and all were male. Only the right eye was involved in all 7 patients. Testosterone was discontinued in only 1 of the 7 patients. Six of the 7 patients had a visual acuity of 20/40 or better at last follow-up (range, 20/20-4/200). Three (43%) of the 7 had resolution of subretinal fluid at their last visit. The most common formulation of testosterone was for intramuscular injection. Conclusions: Exogenous testosterone use was reported in 1.46% of patients with CSCR compared to 0.8% in the general male population. The majority of patients in this study recovered 20/40 or better vision and 43% had resolution of subretinal fluid on OCT, suggesting a generally favorable prognosis for CSCR in the setting of testosterone supplementation.

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Effect of Intermittent Hypoxia on Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance in the General Male Population

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina57070668 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (7) ◽

pp. 668

Author(s):

Jung-Yup Lee ◽

Chan-Won Kim ◽

Kyung-Chul Lee ◽

Jae-Hyuk Lee ◽

Sung-Hun Kang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Health Examination ◽

Male Population ◽

Incident Type ◽

Obstructive Sleep ◽

General Male Population ◽

Group 5

Background and objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is closely associated with insulin resistance (IR) and is an independent risk factor for incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Most studies evaluate the correlation between OSA and IR in only obese or T2DM patients. Therefore, we tried to investigate the effect of OSA on metabolic syndrome and IR in the general healthy male population. Materials and Methods: 184 subjects who visited a preventive health examination program were recruited for this study. All subjects received overnight polysomnography by a portable device (Watch-PAT 200). We examined several metabolic parameters and a homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). The subjects were divided into three groups by AHI (Apnea-hyponea index): normal group (AHI < 5), mild OSA group (5 ≤ AHI < 15), and moderate-severe OSA group (AHI ≥ 15). They were also divided into two groups according to minimum oxygen saturation: low group, Min-SpO2 < 88%; and high group, Min-SpO2 ≥ 88%. Results: Parameters of metabolic syndrome, including waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol showed significant differences among the AHI groups. Furthermore, HOMA-IR showed significant differences among the AHI groups. Those parameters, including metabolic syndrome and HOMA-IR, also showed differences between Min-SpO2 groups. Conclusions: In summary, this study helps confirm that AHI is associated with HOMA-IR in the general male population. Furthermore, the severity of AHI correlated with the parameters of metabolic syndrome. Therefore, AHI might be an indicator for evaluating both T2DM and metabolic syndrome, even in the general male population.

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Antisperm Antibodies in Infertile Men

JAMA ◽

10.1001/jama.1996.03530350067043 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 275 (11) ◽

pp. 885

Keyword(s):

Antisperm Antibodies ◽

Infertile Men

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Prediction of coronary heart disease incidence in a general male population by circulating non-coding small RNA sRNY1-5p in a nested case–control study

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-81221-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Vera L. Costa ◽

Jean-Bernard Ruidavets ◽

Vanina Bongard ◽

Bertrand Perret ◽

Emanuela Repetto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Coronary Heart Disease ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Small Rna ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Case Control ◽

Male Population ◽

General Male Population ◽

Nested Case Control ◽

Control Study

AbstractDuring the development of atherosclerotic lesion, s-RNYs (small RNAs of about 24/34 nucleotides) are derived by the processing of long Ro-associated non-coding RNAs (RNYs) in macrophages. The levels of serum s-RNYs have been found significantly upregulated in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) compared to age-matched CHD-free individuals. The present study aimed to examine the predictive value of serum s-RNYs for CHD events in the general male population. Within the frame of nested-case–control study, the GENES study, we measured the absolute expression of a RNY-derived small RNA, the s-RNY1-5p, in the serum of individuals (without CHD at baseline) who encountered a CHD event within 12 years of follow-up (n = 30) (Cases) and compared them to individuals who remained event-free (Controls) (n = 30). The expression of s-RNY1-5p in serum was significantly upregulated in Cases compared to Controls (p = 0.027). The proportion of CHD event-free was significantly higher among individuals with serum s-RNY1-5p below the median value (631 molecules/mL). In a multivariable model adjusted for age, smoking, hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia, the risk of CHD events increased more than fourfold in individuals with serum s-RNY1-5p above the median value (HR, 4.36; 95% CI 1.22–15.60). A positive association with CHD events was also observed when considering s-RNY1-5p as a continuous variable (p = 0.022). Based on our results, we conclude that serum s-RNY1-5p is an independent predictor of CHD events in a general male population and might be a relevant biomarker for early detection of cardiovascular diseases.

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The Neuropathic Diathesis, or the Diathesis of the Degenerate

Journal of Mental Science ◽

10.1192/s0368315x00227898 ◽

1888 ◽

Vol 34 (146) ◽

pp. 167-176

Author(s):

G. T. Revington

Keyword(s):

Family History ◽

Normal Development ◽

Personal History ◽

Striking Feature ◽

General Paralysis ◽

History Of ◽

The Creation ◽

The Individual ◽

The Mind

I think that the foregoing statistics, and those which follow, together with the large number of cases which I quote, and which connect general paralysis with almost every form of neurotic manifestation, will prove conclusively that neurotic inheritance is a striking feature in the causation of general paralysis. I question whether a distinction between “the cerebral and the insane element” in general paralysis can be maintained. If general paralysis is not a degeneration of the mind-tissue, then the pathology of insanity has no existence, and I would say that the subtle influence for evil, which is transmitted from parents, whose brains are deteriorated by neurotic outbursts, or soaked in alcohol, or wrecked by physiological immorality, tends strongly towards such degeneration. If insanity is, as Dr. Savage says, a perversion of the ego, then a general paralytic is the in-sanest of the insane. We know that the children of a melancholic parent, for example, may develop any form of neurosis—in other words, it is not that melancholia or general paralysis, or any other definite disease, is transmitted, but that a certain tendency to deviate from normal development is transmitted. This tendency to deviate is the neurotic diathesis, and the form of its development is determined by collateral circumstances, and a certain series of collateral circumstances determine the development of general paralysis. Perhaps neurotic inheritance may mean in some cases a limited capital of nervous energy, and if this is wasted recklessly the individual breaks down suddenly and pathologically, as we all do slowly and physiologically. I would also point out that considering the number of histories of insanity which owing to ignorance or reticence we, do not receive, and considering that we never receive information as to the existence of the slighter neuroses, it is marvellous that we get so high a percentage as 51. Of the 145 general paralytics with a reliable history, 38 had a family history of insanity, 28 a family history of drink, 8 of both, 43 had a personal history of drink, 8 of a previous attack too remote to be considered, at least, according to our present ideas, as part of the disease, and the vast majority had a history of some physiological irregularity which must be considered as conducive to the creation of an acquired neurosis. We may now pass to some further statistics.

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Sauna Bathing and Risk of Psychotic Disorders: A Prospective Cohort Study

Medical Principles and Practice ◽

10.1159/000493392 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 562-569 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tanjaniina Laukkanen ◽

Jari A. Laukkanen ◽

Setor K. Kunutsor

Keyword(s):

Psychotic Disorders ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Well Being ◽

Population Based ◽

Hazard Ratio ◽

Male Population ◽

Cox Regression Analysis ◽

Sauna Bathing ◽

General Male Population ◽

Independent Association

Objective: Sauna bathing has been suggested to promote mental well-being and relaxation, but the evidence is uncertain with respect to mental disorders. We aimed to assess the association of frequency of sauna bathing with risk of psychosis in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease prospective population-based study. Subjects and Methods: Baseline sauna bathing habits were assessed in 2,138 men aged 42–61 years who had no history of psychotic disorders. Participants were classified into three groups based on the frequency of sauna bathing (once, 2–3, and 4–7 times per week). Results: During a median follow-up of 24.9 years, 203 psychotic disorders were recorded. A total of 537, 1,417, and 184 participants reported having a sauna bath once a week, 2–3 times, and 4–7 times per week, respectively. In Cox regression analysis adjusted for age, compared to men who had 1 sauna session per week, the hazard ratio (95% confidence intervals) of psychosis for 4–7 sauna sessions per week was 0.23 (0.09–0.58). In a multivariable model adjusted for several risk factors and other potential confounders, the corresponding hazard ratio was 0.21 (0.08–0.52). The association was similar after further adjustment for total energy intake, socioeconomic status, physical activity, and C-reactive protein (0.22 [0.09–0.54]) and was unchanged on additional adjustment for duration of a sauna session and temperature of the sauna bath (0.23 [0.09–0.57]). Conclusion: Our study suggests a strong inverse and independent association between frequent sauna bathing and the future risk of psychotic disorders in a general male population.

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