scholarly journals Ethical Dilemmas in Protecting Individual Rights versus Public Protection in the Case of Infectious Diseases

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. IDRT.S11205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai-Lit Phua
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Public Health Approach ◽  
The Public ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

Infectious diseases—including emerging and re-emerging diseases such as Ebola and tuberculosis—continue to be important causes of morbidity and mortality in the globalizing, contemporary world. This article discusses the ethical issues associated with protecting the rights of individuals versus the protection of the health of populations in the case of infectious diseases. The discussion uses the traditional medical ethics approach together with the public health approach presented by Faden and Shebaya. 3 Infectious diseases such as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Nipah virus and HIV/AIDS (together with tuberculosis) will be used to illustrate particular points in the discussion.

scholarly journals Emerging and Re-emerging Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases and the Challenges for Control: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bayissa Chala ◽  
Feyissa Hamde
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Many ◽  
Epidemiological Profile

Vector-borne emerging and re-emerging diseases pose considerable public health problem worldwide. Some of these diseases are emerging and/or re-emerging at increasing rates and appeared in new regions in the past two decades. Studies emphasized that the interactions among pathogens, hosts, and the environment play a key role for the emergence or re-emergence of these diseases. Furthermore, social and demographic factors such as human population growth, urbanization, globalization, trade exchange and travel and close interactions with livestock have significantly been linked with the emergence and/or re-emergence of vector-borne diseases. Other studies emphasize the ongoing evolution of pathogens, proliferation of reservoir populations, and antimicrobial drug use to be the principal exacerbating forces for emergence and re-emergence of vector-borne infectious diseases. Still other studies equivocally claim that climate change has been associated with appearance and resurgence of vector-borne infectious diseases. Despite the fact that many important emerging and re-emerging vector-borne infectious diseases are becoming better controlled, our success in stopping the many new appearing and resurging vector-borne infectious diseases that may happen in the future seems to be uncertain. Hence, this paper reviews and synthesizes the existing literature to explore global patterns of emerging and re-emerging vector-borne infections and the challenges for their control. It also attempts to give insights to the epidemiological profile of major vector-borne diseases including Zika fever, dengue, West Nile fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Chikungunya, Yellow fever, and Rift Valley fever.

scholarly journals Vaccination ethics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Giubilini
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Major Area ◽  
Coercive Measures ◽  
The Public ◽  
Harm Prevention ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract   Vaccination decisions and policies present tensions between individual rights and the moral duty to contribute to harm prevention. This article focuses on ethical issues around vaccination behaviour and policies. It will not cover ethical issues around vaccination research. Sources of data Literature on ethics of vaccination decisions and policies. Areas of agreement Individuals have a moral responsibility to vaccinate, at least against certain infectious diseases in certain circumstances. Areas of controversy Some argue that non-coercive measures are ethically preferable unless there are situations of emergency. Others hold that coercive measures are ethically justified even in absence of emergencies. Growing points Conscientious objection to vaccination is becoming a major area of discussion. Areas timely for developing research The relationship between individual, collective and institutional responsibilities to contribute to the public good of herd immunity will be a major point of discussion, particularly with regard to the COVID-19 vaccine.

scholarly journals Healing ourselves: ethical issues in the care of sick doctors

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 330-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwen Adshead
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Third Party ◽  
The Public ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Seeking Help ◽  
The Relationship

In this paper I review some of the ethical dilemmas that arise when psychiatrists are involved in the assessment and treatment of medical colleagues. Special attention needs to be paid to the context of the relationship between the psychiatrist and the doctor-patient, and to the extent to which the patient is seeking help voluntarily or at the request of a third party. Psychiatrists may find themselves uncertain about how to meet the ethical demands of their duties to the patient and their duties to the public, when these conflict.

scholarly journals Effects of Propolis on Infectious Diseases of Medical Relevance

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 428
Author(s):  
Nelly Rivera-Yañez ◽  
C. Rebeca Rivera-Yañez ◽  
Glustein Pozo-Molina ◽  
Claudia F. Méndez-Catalá ◽  
Julia Reyes-Reali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
The Public ◽  
New Therapies ◽  
Alternative And Complementary Medicine ◽  
The World ◽  
Medical Relevance

Infectious diseases are a significant problem affecting the public health and economic stability of societies all over the world. Treatment is available for most of these diseases; however, many pathogens have developed resistance to drugs, necessitating the development of new therapies with chemical agents, which can have serious side effects and high toxicity. In addition, the severity and aggressiveness of emerging and re-emerging diseases, such as pandemics caused by viral agents, have led to the priority of investigating new therapies to complement the treatment of different infectious diseases. Alternative and complementary medicine is widely used throughout the world due to its low cost and easy access and has been shown to provide a wide repertoire of options for the treatment of various conditions. In this work, we address the relevance of the effects of propolis on the causal pathogens of the main infectious diseases with medical relevance; the existing compiled information shows that propolis has effects on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, protozoan parasites and helminths, and viruses; however, challenges remain, such as the assessment of their effects in clinical studies for adequate and safe use.

scholarly journals A New Approach to Surgical Gowns

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yüksel Atay ◽  
Oktay Pamuk ◽  
Bekir Boyaci ◽  
Esra Zeynep Yildiz ◽  
Tuncay Göksel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Dual Function ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
The World ◽  
Surgical Gown ◽  
Surgical Gowns ◽  
Selection Of

Emerging diseases such as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, SARS, and most recently the Covid 19 epidemic have increased the importance of hygiene in the world, bringing the need for personal protective equipment (PPE) to the forefront. An important part of PPE in healthcare is surgical gowns, which are worn by doctors and nurses in the operating room to serve a dual function of preventing the transmission of microorganisms and body fluids from surgical staff to patients and from patients to staff. This chapter presents the history and importance of surgical gowns. The factors to be considered in the selection of surgical gowns are discussed. The model characteristics and fabric properties of surgical gowns currently on the market and the environmental impact of reusable and disposable gowns are outlined. Finally, shortcomings in available gowns are discussed, a new knitted surgical gown design is introduced, and recommendations are given in the final section. The chapter provides broad coverage of surgical gowns for both experienced readers and those new to the field.

scholarly journals Changing Nature of Health Crisis from Infectious Diseases and Responses Over Three Decades in Malaysia

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Taha Arif
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Human Resource Development ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Preparedness Plan ◽  
The Public ◽  
After Effect ◽  
The Impact

The author relates his 35 years experiences serving the public health sector in various capacities at district, state and country levels in Malaysia. He described several important outbreaks encountered such as malaria, dengue, cholera, enterovirus encephalitis, Nipah virus encephalitis, avian influenza, SARS and leptospirosis. He discussed the determinants of infectious diseases outbreak such as the pathogenicity of the organism, the environmental factors, human and animal factors. The impact of these outbreaks affected the economy, psychosocial, political and international relations. The responses to these outbreaks had improved along with the development of new technologies in diagnosis, surveillance, information technology and human resource development. The author also identified the importance of networking, appropriate risk and crisis communication and the management of the after effect of the outbreak. Apart from outbreak preparedness plan, research remains an important tool in discovering new diseases and appropriate ways of responding to the crisis.

scholarly journals Concerning the Allocation of Emerging Natural Foci of the Currently Important Infectious Diseases in the West of Kazakhstan

2014 ◽  
pp. 20-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Grazhdanov ◽  
T. Z. Ayazbaev ◽  
A. V. Toporkov ◽  
F. G. Bidashko ◽  
A. V. Zakharov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
The West ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Western Kazakhstan ◽  
Natural Foci

Within the period of 2000-2011, in the West of Kazakhstan, identified have been five, previously unknown in the territory, natural foci of dangerous infectious diseases such as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, Astrakhan spotty fever, Crimean hemorrhagic fever, West Nile fever, and tick-borne viral encephalitis. The reason is that key ecological factors for the persistence of the infections in the local biocoenoses occurred. It is characteristic that circulation of the agents of new infectious diseases is registered in the territory of the long-established natural plague and tularemia foci. Since 2000 and on, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome morbidity is registered in the Western-Kazakhstan Region on a regular basis. There is some evidence to identification of West Nile fever patients in the territory of Russia in 2012, which came from Kazakhstan. Based on the spatial distribution of the natural foci of various infections, Western-Kazakhstan Region has been subdivided into four areas. In order to provide for the effective prophylaxis of emerging diseases, it is essential that healthcare facilities and services dealing with infectious diseases are consolidated and reinforced, and epidemiological surveillance is improved with the current conditions in mind.

Principle 3: The public health approach

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert T. Kinscherff
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Health Approach ◽  
The Public

Fault-Lines in the Public Health Approach to Covid-19: Recognizing Inequities and Ground Realities of Poor Residents Lives in the Slums of Dhaka City, Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabina Faiz Rashid ◽  
Bachera Aktar ◽  
Nadia Farnaz ◽  
Sally Theobald ◽  
Samiha Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Health Approach ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
The Public ◽  
Fault Lines
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