scholarly journals Bone breakage in three strains of end-of-lay hens

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 745-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Budgell ◽  
F. G. Silversides
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Bone Strength ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Broken Bones ◽  
Selection Of

Spent hens of two commercial lines and one heritage line of layers were slaughtered at 72 wk of age and dissected to determine the number of bone fractures before shipping, during depopulation and shipping, and during slaughter. The ISA-Brown and Babcock B300 hens had higher incidences of old (11.1 and 11.7%) and shipping breaks (7.9 and 10.0%) than a line of Brown Leghorns (0.0 and 3.5%, respectively), suggesting that selection of commercial layers for increased egg production may have affected bone strength. All hens experienced broken bones during processing. Key words: Layers, strain, bone breakage

scholarly journals Osteopenia: a disease of laying hens with major impact on production and welfare

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
K. C. KOUTOULIS (Κ.Χ. ΚΟΥΤΟΥΛΗΣ)
Keyword(s):  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Bone Strength ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
The United States ◽  
Shell Quality ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Production Problems

Osteopenia is a significant disease of the skeleton in mature chickens used for egg production. It characteristically occurs in lines of laying hens with high rates of egg production and can be regarded as a generalised skeletal disorder resulting in bone fractures. Since the condition was first recognised, the scale of the problem has increased. It was estimated that in commercial flocks in the United States approximately 15-30% of hen mortality is related to osteopenia. The condition is divided into two forms: peracute, where death occurred with the onset of symptoms and acute, where the birds survived the initial collapse. The condition was first known as 'Cage Layer Fatigue', but terms such as 'Cage Layer Paralysis' and 'Cage Layer Osteoporosis' are also used. Nowadays there are three different terms which are used to describe poor bone condition. Osteopenia is a less specific term, which describes a loss in the amount of bone tissues leading to bone fragility without implying whether or not bone density is involved. Osteomalacia is caused by defective mineralisation of bone tissue and is characterised primarily by thick seams of unmineralised or poorly mineralised organic matrix on the surfaces of medullary bone trabeculae. In osteoporosis there is a decrease in the amount of bone tissue, the matrix of which is normally mineralised. Production problems and financial losses to the producer are caused by osteopenia affecting at the same time the welfare of the birds. Pain and distress associated with broken bones and healed or new fractures obviously compromise the welfare of the birds. There are also production problems, associated firstly with mortality and lost production in battery hens and secondly in the processing of spent layers where bone breakage results in the contamination of carcasses and recovered meat with splinters of bone. Losses to the poultry industry that result from cracked and broken eggs are very considerable and it is very important for the producer to maximise the difference between the value of saleable outputs and nutritional costs. Therefore, the relationships between dietary calcium, bone components, eggshell formation and their consequences, which might result from an imbalance between them (e.g. osteopenia, decreased shell quality), strongly affect the finalprofit of a laying flock and the income of the producer. The causes of osteopenia are divided into immediate - osteomalacia andosteoporosis -and predisposing causes, such as genetic, nutritional and husbandry effects. Calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D deficiencies or imbalance of the calcium/phosphorus ratio in the diet can induce osteomalacia, whereas osteoporosis maybe relatedwith hormonal changes, lack of exercise and age-related effects. Factors, such as age at sexual maturity, body weight, medullarybone and various pharmaceutical and nutritional factors, may also strongly influence bone strength. Osteopenia is largely geneticin origin, resulting from the breeding of light weight, energetically efficient birds that remain in a high rate of lay for a prolongedperiod. Thus, a genetic solution to the problem seems to be possible. Further and immediate improvement in bone strength is likely to come from husbandry and nutritional practices. Husbandry modifications have been proven very influential on improving or reducing bone strength. Nutritional techniques have been the most commonly adopted in an attempt to reduce the severity of osteopenia. By modifying the diet, the beneficial or non-beneficial effects of the various experimental trials on bone strength could be immediate and cost-effective compared with genetic and husbandry modifications.

SOME ASPECTS OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE THEMATIC TESTS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES CHEMISTRY ENGINEERING STUDENTS

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liudmila Gorbunova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Cognitive Learning ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Educational Measurement ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Cognitive Learning Outcomes

The article discusses the procedure of the preparation of test materials for the diagnosis of cognitive learning outcomes in chemistry. It is shown that the use of the thesaurus approach to the selection of the content and methods of mathematical statistics provides a test with high reliability and validity coefficients. Key words: diagnostic test, chemistry, educational measurement.

Prophylaxis of obstetric and perinatal pathology at women with pathological increase of body weight during pregnancy

2018 ◽  
pp. 7-79
Author(s):  
S.Yu. Vdovichenko ◽  
◽  
T.D. Fakhrutdinova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Perinatal Complications ◽  
Perinatal Pathology ◽  
Fetoplacental Complex ◽  
The Right ◽  
Selection Of

The objective: depression of obstetric and perinatal complications at pregnant women with pathological increase of body weight during pregnancy on the basis of studying of clinical-functional, endocrinologic, metabolic, morphological features of condition of fetoplacental complex and development of advanced algorithm of treatment-and-prophylactic actions. Materials and methods. We conducted examination of 264 patients who consisted on the account concerning pregnancy in female consultations of Kiev. By a method of selection of 178 women were included in retrospective research and 86 – in prospective. The main group was made by 39 pregnant women with whom led individual discussions, control – 142 women, that received traditional references in female consultation. Results. Use of the algorithm improved by us allows to improve obstetric (decrease of frequency of a preeclampsia by 12.3%; anomalies of a patrimonial deyalnost for 8.4%) and perinatal outcomes (depression of level of an asphyxia at a delivery for 9.4% and post-natal adaptation for 7.8%) deliveries of women with an excessive increase of body weight during pregnancy. Conclusion. The received results grant the right to recommend the algorithm improved by us for wide use in practical health care. Key words: obstetric and perinatal pathology, pathological increase of body weight, prophylaxis.

scholarly journals Genotypic parameters for egg production in pure breed hens by using random regression model

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscila Becker Ferreira ◽  
Paulo Roberto Nogara Rorato ◽  
Fernanda Cristina Breda ◽  
Vanessa Tomazetti Michelotti ◽  
Alexandre Pires Rosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Random Regression ◽  
Broad Sense Heritability ◽  
Residual Matrix ◽  
Random Regression Model ◽  
Residual Covariance ◽  
Genotypic Correlations ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to test different genotypic and residual covariance matrix structures in random regression models to model the egg production of Barred Plymouth Rock and White Plymouth Rock hens aged between 5 and 12 months. In addition, we estimated broad-sense heritability, and environmental and genotypic correlations. Six random regression models were evaluated, and for each model, 12 genotypic and residual matrix structures were tested. The random regression model with linear intercept and unstructured covariance (UN) for a matrix of random effects and unstructured correlation (UNR) for residual matrix adequately model the egg production curve of hens of the two study breeds. Genotypic correlations ranged from 0.15 (between age of 5 and 12 months) to 0.99 (between age of 10 and 11 months) and increased based on the time elapsed. Egg production heritability between 5- and 12-month-old hens increased with age, varying from 0.15 to 0.51. From the age of 9 months onward, heritability was moderate with estimates of genotypic correlations higher than 90% at the age of 10, 11, and 12 months. Results suggested that selection of hens to improve egg production should commence at the ninth month of age.

scholarly journals El poder subversivo de la fábula en sus diversas manifestaciones diacrónicas

2015 ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Gordana Matic
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Critical Aspect ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Moral Aspect ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Historical Periods ◽  
Selection Of

<div class="WordSection1"><p><strong>Resumen</strong></p><p>La fábula ha tenido desde siempre una función retórica e ilustrativa que se ha manifestado a lo largo de la historia de modo dual: mostraba para enseñar, lo que muchas veces implicaba el componente moralizador, o para criticar. Mientras se empeñaba en conseguir una de las dos intencionalidades, o las dos simultáneamente, ha podido ser revestida de un tono humorístico, burlón, irónico o sarcástico. Partiendo de las observaciones sobre el género de Fedro, Rodríguez Adrados o Mireya Camurati, en este trabajo nos proponemos analizar una selección de fábulas clásicas, medievales, dieciochescas y decimonónicas, para demostrar que el aspecto crítico e incluso subversivo del género se mantiene abiertamente activo aun en las épocas en las que se potencia su intención didáctico-moralizante.</p><p>Palabras clave: fábula, definiciones del género, estudio diacrónico, aspecto crítico, aspecto didáctico-moralizante</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The fable has always had a rhetoric and illustrative function that manifested itself during its long history in two different ways: on one hand, it represented an example in order to teach, which usually implied the moral component, or on the other hand, to criticize. While it strived to achieve one of these intentions, or sometimes both simultaneously, it could have been written in a humorous, mocking, ironic or sarcastic tone. In this paper, we analyze a selection of classical and medieval, 18th and 19th century fables written in Spanish, with definitions proposed by Phaedrus, Rodríguez Adrados and Mireya Camurati as starting points, in order to show that the critical aspect of this genre was openly maintained and taken benefit of even in the historical periods when its didactic and moralizing intention was preferred and strongly emphasized.</p></div><p>Key words: fable, definition of genre, diachronic approach, critical aspect, didactic and moral aspect</p><p> </p>

Selecting for earliness and yield in sorghum at different sites

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Plett ◽  
L. A. Nelson ◽  
M. D. Clegg
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Short Season ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Different Origins ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L ◽  
Selection Of

Feasibility of selection of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] lines in a long–season environment for early maturity and yield was studied. Fifty-seven male lines from three different origins and F1 progenies produced by crossing the lines to three early-maturing female lines were used for these evaluations. Lines selected for yield had highest yield in a long-season environment but showed no yield advantage in short-season areas. There were lines from all three origins which should be useful in the locations tested. Selection for earliness and yield appeared feasible in a long season area. Key words: Heritability, correlation

Genetic variation for egg production, egg quality and bone strength in selected and traditional breeds of laying fowl

2003 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.M. Hocking ◽  
M. Bain ◽  
C.E. Channing ◽  
R. Fleming ◽  
S. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Bone Strength ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Quality

scholarly journals AN ATTEMPT TO ESTIMATE TEAT QUALITY OF SOWS BY HAND MILKING DURING FARROWING

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. FRASER ◽  
C. S. LIN
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Strong Tendency ◽  
Teat Number ◽  
Selection Of

For 21 sows, teats were hand milked individually in a standard way during farrowing in an attempt to produce an index of teat quality. The piglets' teat selection and 14-day weights were then compared with the hand milking results. Of within-litter variation in 14-day weight, 38.6% was explained by 1-day weight, and only 4.6% extra variation by the index derived from hand milking. Use of the index gave no improvement over previous models involving 1-day weight and teat number (anterior to posterior). Hand milking showed a pronounced decline in colostrum yield from the most anterior teat pair (46.8 g) to the most posterior (13.7 g); this may help to explain the piglets' strong tendency to select anterior positions. Piglets of high, medium and low 1-day weight differed significantly in liveweight gain, but not in their selection of anterior or posterior teats. Key words: Colostrum, milk, piglet, sow, suckling behavior, teat quality

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