GROWTH, DIGESTIBILITY AND NITROGEN RETENTION BY CALVES FED MILK REPLACERS CONTAINING MILK AND SOYBEAN PROTEINS, SUPPLEMENTED WITH METHIONINE

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. Gorrill ◽  
J. W. G. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Soy Milk ◽  
Soybean Proteins ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Soybean Protein Concentrate ◽  
Milk Replacers

Milk replacers containing zero (all-milk) or 70% of the total protein from a soybean protein concentrate (soy-milk), with or without methionine supplementation, were fed to Holstein calves. Bull calves digested 91 and 89% of the dry matter (P < 0.05), and 87 and 82% of the nitrogen (P < 0.01) supplied by the all-milk and soy-milk replacers, respectively. Nitrogen retention averaged 41% of that consumed, with no difference due to protein source. DL-methionine (0.1% of the dry replacer) did not increase calf growth or nitrogen retention. Heifer calves fed whole milk, the all-milk replacer or soy-milk replacer plus methionine, and hay and concentrates, gained 496, 550 and 526 g/day, respectively, to weaning at 7 weeks of age (treatment means not significantly different at P < 0.05). Weight gains for these three groups of heifers from 7 to 15 weeks of age were 723, 650 and 599 g/day (significant difference between whole milk and soy-milk at P < 0.05), respectively. It was concluded that the soybean protein concentrate could supply a major portion of the protein in milk replacers for rearing dairy calves.

EFFECTS OF MILK, FISH, AND SOYBEAN PROTEINS IN MILK REPLACEES, AND FEEDING FREQUENCY ON PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY CALVES

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
H. E. POWER
Keyword(s):  
Milk Protein ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Soybean Proteins ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Protein Milk ◽  
Soybean Protein Concentrate ◽  
Milk Replacers

Two experiments were carried out with Holstein heifer calves to determine the effect of supplying a major portion of the protein in milk replacers by isopropanol-extracted protein concentrate from whole herring (FPC) or a mixture of FPC and soybean protein concentrate (SPC). Milk replacers were compared with whole milk in experiment 1. All calves were abruptly weaned when consuming 0.5 kg starter/day, or by 5 weeks of age. Calf performance was similar when the pre-weaning liquid diet was whole milk, or milk replacers containing either milk protein or 50% of the protein from FPC. Average daily gains to weaning and to 26 weeks of age for all calves were 377 and 692 g/day, respectively. Calves in experiment 2 were fed either an all-milk protein milk replacer or one containing 98% of the protein equally from FPC and SPC. Both milk replacers were fed once daily either six or seven times per week. Calf growth to weaning was lower on the FPC–SPC formula (283 vs. 364 g/day, P < 0.01), but was not significantly different (P < 0.05) to 15 weeks of age (618 vs. 643 g/day). Feeding milk replacer six vs. seven times per week had no significant effect on calf growth. Digestibility coefficients of dry matter, nitrogen, and energy were similar in bull calves fed the all-milk or FPC–SPC protein milk replacers, but retention of absorbed nitrogen was less on the latter diet (54 vs. 45%, P < 0.10).

ALKALI TREATMENT OF SOYBEAN PROTEIN CONCENTRATE IN MILK REPLACERS: ITS EFFECTS ON DIGESTION, NITROGEN RETENTION, AND GROWTH OF LAMBS

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 665-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Soybean Protein Concentrate ◽  
Milk Replacers

Alkali treatment to disperse a soybean protein concentrate (SPC) was studied in two milk replacer experiments, in which the SPC supplied 50% of the total nitrogen. In experiment 1, six lambs were used in a double 3 × 3 latin square digestion and nitrogen balance trial. The three treatments of the SPC in the milk replacer were: control (no alkali), alkali 1 (0.05 N NaOH at 40 C, neutralized with HCl after 15 min), and alkali 2 (same as 1, but neutralized after 18 hr at 5 C). The remainder of the diet ingredients were homogenized with a Polytron. Alkali treatment increased digestibility of dry matter (91, 93, and 95%, P < 0.01, on the three treatments, respectively), nitrogen, and energy, but tended to reduce the percent of absorbed nitrogen that was retained (63, 61, and 60%, P < 0.20). The control (complete diet prepared with the Polytron) and alkali 1 treatments were compared in a growth and metabolism trial in experiment 2. Growth of a total of 19 lambs from about 4 days to weaning from milk replacer at 26 days of age tended to be lower on the alkali-treated than the control SPC milk replacer (179 vs. 215 g/day, P < 0.20); however, growth to 10 weeks of age was similar for both groups and averaged 250 g/day.

GROWTH, DIGESTIBILITY AND NITROGEN RETENTION BY LAMBS FED LIQUID DIETS CONTAINING MILK AND SOYBEAN PROTEINS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 663-667
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
C. D. T. CAMERON
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Soybean Proteins ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Soybean Protein Concentrate ◽  
Milk Replacers ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

Milk and soybean protein sources in liquid diets for 2- to 5-day-old lambs were compared in four experiments. Average weight gains of lambs m experiments 1 and 2 fed an all-milk protein or soy-46 milk replacer (46% of total protein from a soybean protein concentrate), with 15% homogenized lard, for about 7 weeks were 251 and 147 g/day, respectively. Digestibility of dry matter averaged 97 and 95%, and for nitrogen, 97 and 90% (P < 0.05), respectively, for lambs fed the two milk replacers. The same all-milk or soy-46 formulas, or cow’s whole milk, plus a pelleted concentrate and hay were fed to a total of 42 lambs in experiments 3 and 4. Average weight gains to weaning at 9 and 14 kg body weight in experiments 3 and 4, respectively, were 141, 132 and 163 g/day for the three treatments. Weight gains to 40 kg body weight were 185, 190 and 239 g/day. The soybean concentrate settled out of the liquid diet and therefore was not suitable for ad libitum feeding.

RAPESEED PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENTS IN MILK REPLACERS FOR LAMBS: THEIR EFFECTS ON NUTRIENT DIGESTION AND NITROGEN RETENTION

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 611-617
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
D. M. WALKER ◽  
J. D. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Egg Protein ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Milk Replacers ◽  
Potential Use

Dehulled Bronowski rapeseed (Brassica napus) was either solvent-extracted and ground to a flour (RF), or heated and water- and solvent-extracted to produce a protein concentrate (RPC), for incorporation into milk replacers for lambs. When RPC replaced 0, 25 or 50% of the milk nitrogen in the diet, apparent nitrogen digestion by lambs was 93, 94 and 90%, respectively (P > 0.05), and retention of absorbed nitrogen was 74, 70 (P < 0.05) and 67% (P < 0.01), respectively. In a second experiment with diets containing 50% of the nitrogen from RF or RPC, apparent nitrogen digestion by lambs was 83 and 91% (P < 0.05), and retention of absorbed nitrogen was 59 and 63%. Apparent digestion of nitrogen was 77 and 90% (P < 0.01), and retention of absorbed nitrogen was 48 and 57% (P < 0.05), by lambs fed diets containing RF or RPC as the sole dietary nitrogen source. Supplementation of the RPC with isoleucine, lysine and phenylalanine to levels present in whole milk proteins, and methionine equal to that in egg protein, resulted in no significant improvement in apparent nitrogen digestion or retention by lambs. These results indicate a potential use for RFC to supply at least 25% of the total nitrogen in milk replacers, but only questionable potential for RF since it was not well utilized by milk-fed lambs.

Milk replacers containing a soybean protein concentrate for preruminant lambs: interrelationships between methionine, cystine and choline

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
NM Malouf ◽  
DM Walker
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Sulfur Amino Acids ◽  
Soybean Protein Concentrate ◽  
Milk Replacers

Preruminant male crossbred lambs, aged 2-5 days at the start of the experiment, were fed on milk replacers containing a soybean protein concentrate (as the sole source of protein) to supply 25 % of the total dietary energy as protein. The minimum intake of methionine plus cystine (M+C) that was coincident with maximum nitrogen balance was estimated (mean�s.e.) at 38.5�1.8 mg/100 kJ diet (equivalent to 3.6�0.2 g sulfur amino acids/16 g nitrogen). When the concentration of M+C was raised to this level by supplementation with DL-methionine, the addition of choline chloride, in amounts to give final concentrations varying from approximately one-seventh up to twice the concentration in cows' milk, did not affect nitrogen balance. The maximum replacement value of cystine for methionine (as judged by the effect on nitrogen balance), in milk replacers adequately supplen~ented with choline chloride and sulfur amino acids, was 47% on a weight basis, or 52% when calculated on the basis of moles of sulfur.

Milk replacers containing soybean protein isolates or concentrates: nitrogen digestibility and utilization by preruminant lambs

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 801
Author(s):  
NM Malouf ◽  
DM Walker
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Protein Isolates ◽  
Soybean Protein Isolates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Milk Replacers

Preruminant male crossbred lambs, aged 2-5 days at the start of the experiment, were given milk replacers containing between 0.25 and 0.29 of the total energy as protein. A comparison of milk replacers containing either soybean isolates or concentrates as the sole source of protein showed that, while the apparent digestibilities of dry matter and nitrogen were significantly higher for diets containing isolates, the efficiencies of retention of the apparently digested nitrogen were significantly higher for the concentrate diets. The net result was no significant difference in nitrogen balance between the diets. The milk replacers were accepted readily by the lambs, and intakes of gross energy of up to three times the maintenance requirement were attained without difficulty. Nitrogen balances of lambs given a milk replacer based on a soybean concentrate were not significantly improved by supplementation of the diet with lysine, in addition to methionine. Similarly, the nitrogen balances of lambs given a soybean isolate-based milk replacer, plus methionine, were unaffected when one of five supplementary amino acids (Lys, Thr, Val, Isol, Leu) was omitted in turn from the diet.

scholarly journals A New Process for Preparation of Soybean Protein Concentrate with Hexane-Aqueous Ethanol Mixed Solvents

2005 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 1217-1222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Nong Zhang ◽  
Da-Chuan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Ethanol ◽  
Protein Denaturation ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Soy Flour ◽  
Solvent Recovery ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
New Process ◽  
Full Fat Soy Flour ◽  
Soybean Protein Concentrate ◽  
Orthogonal Tests

Abstract A new process for the preparation of soybean protein concentrate (SPC) by directly extracting full-fat soy flour with a mixture of hexane and aqueous ethanol was established. Compared with conventional methods, it has some advantages, such as saving energy and reducing protein denaturation caused by heat action during solvent recovery, because this process saves one step of solvent recovery. The effects of aqueous ethanol concentration and the mixure ratio (hexane to ethanol) on the degree of protein denaturation and product quality were investigated, on the basis of which the orthogonal tests were performed. The optimum technical parameters were obtained by analyzing the results of the orthogonal tests with statistical methods. We found that SPC can be obtained by extracting full-fat soy flour under the following conditions: mixture ratio hexane: 90% ethanol, 9:1, v/v; extraction temperature, 45°C; ratio of solid to solvents, (1:2 w/v); and 5 repeated extractions (15 min each time). The results of quality analysis showed that solubility of the product was improved significantly [nitrogen solubility index (NSI) 46.6%] compared with that for ethanol washing of protein concentrate (NSI 8.7%).

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