FATTENING PATTERNS IN CATTLE. 1. FAT PARTITION AMONG THE DEPOTS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 843-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
M. A. PRICE ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Adjusted Means ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Total Fat

A trial is reported comparing half-carcass fat partitioning in 12 bulls and 12 heifers each of two breed-types: Hereford (HE) and Dairy Synthetic (DY). These animals were serially slaughtered from weaning (163 ± 15.1 (SE) days) to approximately 16 mo of age. After slaughter, one side of each carcass was broken into eight wholesale cuts, which were separated into fat (subcutaneous fat (SF), intermuscular fat (IF) and body cavity fat (BCF)), muscle and bone. The partition of fat was investigated by examining the development of each depot relative to two independent variates (fat percent and fat weight in the side), using the allometric equation. Relative to fat percent in the side, the regression coefficients for depot fat accumulation were all homogeneous for sex, and only one coefficient (SF in the forequarter) was significantly different (P < 0.05) for breed. Relative to fat weight in a side, the regression coefficients for both breed and sex showed several significant differences. Adjusted means at constant total fat weight showed HE animals to have more SF, and less IF than DY animals. There were no significant differences in the adjusted means for sex.

THE ACCUMULATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FAT IN EWE AND RAM LAMBS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Growth Coefficient ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Kidney Fat ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Ram Lambs ◽  
Total Fat

Sixteen ewes and 22 rams (crossbred lambs) were grouped by sex and fed a diet based on grain and hay. All animals were slaughtered over a 4-wk period to give a range of slaughter weights (24.0–61.8 kg). After slaughter, one side of each carcass was broken into the four primal wholesale cuts (leg, loin, rib, shoulder) with the rest of the carcass discarded as trim. The four wholesale cuts were separated into fat (subcutaneous fat (SF), intermuscular fat (IF), kidney fat (KF) and body cavity fat (BCF)) muscle and bone. Depot fat accretion in the carcass was investigated using the allometric equation with side weight and side fat weight as the independent variables. Total rate of fat deposition relative to side weight was higher in ewes than rams, and ewes had more total fat than rams when comparisons were made at the same side weight (10.03 kg). However, growth coefficients for depot fat accumulation in a side and in the wholesale cuts relative to side fat were homogeneous between sexes indicating that sex did not affect the relative accumulation of fat. SF, however, had the highest growth coefficient (1.23) and IF the lowest (0.74). At equal total side fat ewes had significantly more IF in a side than rams, but overall the differences in the distribution of fat in the wholesale cuts were minor and commercially unimportant. It was concluded that the ewes had a faster rate of fat deposition than rams but both sexes followed the same pattern of differential fat accumulation, and that the distribution of fat was dependent mainly on the total amount of fat in a carcass. Key words: Fat, lambs, carcass

PATTERNS OF CARCASS FAT DEPOSITION IN HEIFERS, STEERS AND BULLS

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. BERG ◽  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
M. A. PRICE ◽  
R. T. HARDIN ◽  
R. FUKUHARA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Rate ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Total Rate ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Adjusted Means ◽  
Kidney Fat ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Total Fat

Seventy-five young, full-fed, Shorthorn-sired cattle (36 heifers, 24 steers, 15 bulls) were slaughtered over a wide liveweight range (150–550 kg) to evaluate the influence of sex on the patterns of fat deposition. Growth coefficients for depot fat relative to half-carcass fat were homogeneous, and there were no differences (P > 0.05) among the adjusted means of depot fat at constant total fat. This indicates that depot fat partitioning among sexes is probably minor, provided comparisons are made at equal fatness. Total rate of fat deposition relative to muscle was similar for heifers and steers, but significantly (P < 0.01) lower for bulls. It is concluded that differences in fattening patterns among sexes result from a combination of fattening at a lighter weight of carcass muscle in heifers than steers and steers than bulls, and from a more rapid rate of fat deposition relative to muscle in heifers and steers than bulls. Relative to half-carcass fat, the rate of fat deposition was greatest in the subcutaneous depot in all sexes followed by intermuscular fat and finally body cavity fat. Relative growth of kidney fat was variable among the sexes, but it was generally similar to the subcutaneous depot. Relative rate of intermuscular fat deposition was greater in the forequarter than the hindquarter, while relative rate of subcutaneous fat deposition was similar in both the fore- and hindquarters.

FATTENING PATTERNS IN CATTLE. 2. FAT DISTRIBUTION AMONG THE WHOLESALE CUTS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 851-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
M. A. PRICE ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Variable Coefficients ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Grading System ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Fat Accretion ◽  
Total Fat

A trial is reported comparing fat distribution in carcasses from bulls and heifers of two breed-types: Hereford (HE) and Dairy Synthetic (DY). Twelve bulls and twelve heifers of each breed were grouped four to a pen at weaning (163 ± 15.1 (SE) days), and serially slaughtered from that time to approximately 16 mo of age. After slaughter, one side of each carcass was broken into eight wholesale cuts, which were separated into fat (subcutaneous fat (SF), intermuscular fat (IF), and body cavity fat (BCF)), muscle and bone. Depot fat accretion in each cut was investigated using the allometric equation with side fat weight as the independent variable. Coefficients for SF were significantly higher in the rib, chuck and flank for HE carcasses than for DY carcasses and higher in the rib and flank for heifers than for bulls. At equal total side fat, HE carcasses had significantly more SF in the brisket and in the loin than DY animals. Heifers had significantly more fat in the loin than bulls. Differences among coefficients for IF relative to total fat were minor for both breed and sex. At equal total side fat, HE carcasses had less fat distributed intermuscularly than DY carcasses and had less IF in the brisket than heifers. The results are discussed in relation to the Canadian beef grading system.

Fat distribution in steer carcasses of different breeds and crosses. 2. Distribution between joints

1976 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Kempster ◽  
P. R. D. Avis ◽  
R. J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Distal Limb ◽  
Adjusted Means ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
The Stability

SUMMARYDissection data for 643 steer carcasses of 15 breed-type × feeding system groups were used to examine the distribution of intermuscular fat (IF) and subcutaneous fat (SF) depots between standardized commercial joints.The increase in weight of IF and SF in each joint relative to the corresponding depot weight in the side was examined using the allometric equation. Pooled within-group growth coefficients for both IF and SF were lowest in the distal limb joints increasing inwards to the joints of the rib and loin regions. They were highest for the thin flank joint.Group means for weight of IF and SF in each joint were adjusted to equal total IF and SF weight respectively using the pooled growth coefficients. Statistically significant but relatively unimportant differences were recorded between groups in the adjusted means for all joints tested. The largest differences occurred for the top piece and were 0·39 and 0·40 kg (in one side) for IF and SF respectively. The stability of regression equations between groups for predicting the percentages of IF and SF in the side from the respective percentage in each joint was also examined. Joints which gave the least precise predictions of IF (shin and leg) and SF (shin, leg and clod and sticking) had the most unstable prediction equations. The equations for the other joints differed little between groups.

scholarly journals Carcass and Primal Composition Predictions Using Camera Vision Systems (CVS) and Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) Technologies on Mature Cows

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1118
Author(s):  
José Segura ◽  
Jennifer L. Aalhus ◽  
Nuria Prieto ◽  
Ivy L. Larsen ◽  
Manuel Juárez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Vision Systems ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cull Cows ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Computer Vision Systems ◽  
Total Fat

This study determined the potential of computer vision systems, namely the whole-side carcass camera (HCC) compared to the rib-eye camera (CCC) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) technology to predict primal and carcass composition of cull cows. The predictability (R2) of the HCC was similar to the CCC for total fat, but higher for lean (24.0%) and bone (61.6%). Subcutaneous fat (SQ), body cavity fat, and retail cut yield (RCY) estimations showed a difference of 6.2% between both CVS. The total lean meat yield (LMY) estimate was 22.4% better for CCC than for HCC. The combination of HCC and CCC resulted in a similar prediction of total fat, SQ, and intermuscular fat, and improved predictions of total lean and bone compared to HCC/CCC. Furthermore, a 25.3% improvement was observed for LMY and RCY estimations. DXA predictions showed improvements in R2 values of 26.0% and 25.6% compared to the HCC alone or the HCC + CCC combined, respectively. These results suggest the feasibility of using HCC for predicting primal and carcass composition. This is an important finding for slaughter systems, such as those used for mature cattle in North America that do not routinely knife rib carcasses, which prevents the use of CCC.

Evolution of various adipose deposits in growing rabbits and sheep

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vezinhet ◽  
M. Prud'hon
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Fat Deposits ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Perirenal Fat

SUMMARYThe importance of the different adipose deposits with respect to the total dissectible fatty tissue in growing rabbits and lambs was studied. Development of the subcutaneous fat in the lamb is late and occurs after birth. In contrast, the internal types of fat, such as the perirenal and pelvic fat, represent at birth an important percentage of the total fat. They tend to lose part of their relative importance between 0 and 250 days after birth. In the rabbit the situation concerning the development of subcutaneous and perirenal fat is inverted. For both species the intermuscular fat remains almost constant in relative importance during the whole growth period.After the period required for the establishment of the different fat deposits, we could observe in lambs, and to a smaller degree in rabbits, a relative growth which tends to become isometric with regard to the total fat deposits.

Carcass composition in four sheep breeds: the importance of type of breed and stage of maturity

1980 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Wood ◽  
H. J. H. MacFie ◽  
R. W. Pomeroy ◽  
D. J. Twinn
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Omental Fat ◽  
Mature Size

ABSTRACTIn order to investigate the effects of type of breed on carcass composition, an examination was made of 361 lambs from four breeds: Clun Forest and Colbred (termed ewe breeds); and Suffolk and Hampshire (termed ram breeds). The animals were in four carcass weight groups averaging 15, 17, 19 and 21 kg.Percentage subcutaneous fat was influenced more by carcass weight than by breed, whereas both carcass weight and breed had similar effects on percentage lean. At the mean carcass weight of 18 kg, Colbreds, the leanest breed, had a similar value for percentage lean (about 57 % of carcass tissue weight) to the carcasses over all breeds weighing 15 kg; and Cluns, the fattest breed, had a similar value (about 54%) to those weighing 21 kg. Since the ram breeds were intermediate in composition between the two ewe breeds there was no effect of type of breed on carcass composition. The breed differences were related to eventual mature size and to the stage of maturity at each carcass weight, as judged by body length and bone weight measurements. However, Colbreds were bigger and leaner than published estimates of their mature weight suggested. Humerus weight was a good predictor of lean or total fat weight, explaining 83 % ofvariation when used as a predictor along with carcass weight.Type of breed had a marked effect on internal fat deposition, the ewe breeds having heavier weights of both kidney knob and channel fat (KKCF) and caul fat (omental fat) than the ram breeds; and on the length oflimb bones, the ewe breeds having longer but thinner bones than the ram breeds. The order of the relative growth of the tissues and fat depots was: subcutaneous fat > caul fat > KKCF > intermuscular fat > lean > bone. Therefore, the internal fat depots were later maturing than intermuscular fat.The percentage of prime cuts in the carcass was not affected by carcass weight. Colbreds had significantly lower values than the other breeds. Suffolks had the lowest lean to bone ratio.

Comparison of Friesian, Canadian Hereford × Friesian and Simmental × Friesian steers for growth and carcass composition

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Keane ◽  
G. J. More O'Ferrall
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Concentrate Level ◽  
Total Muscle

AbstractOne hundred and twenty spring-born steers comprised of 40 Friesians (FR), 40 Canadian Hereford × Friesians (HF) and 40 Simmental × Friesians (SM) were reared together from shortly after birth to slaughter after a mean period of 740 days. During the finishing winter there was a 3 (breed types) × 2 (3 and 6 kg supplementary concentrates per head daily with grass silage ad libitum) × 2 (222- and 225-day finishing periods) factorial arrangement of treatments. One side from each of 96 carcasses (eight per treatment) was completely separated into bone, muscle, intermuscular fat and subcutaneous fat and a 10th rib sample of m. longissimus was chemically analysed.Carcass weights per day of age and carcass weights were 404, 433 and 449 (s.e. 4·6) g and 301, 320 and 330 (s.e. 3·4) kg for FR, HF and SM, respectively. Corresponding proportions of carcass muscle were 602, 577 and 628 (s.e. 4·8) g/kg. FR and HF had similar proportions of their total muscle in the hindquarter, whereas SM had more of their muscle in the hindquarter. M. longissimus lipid concentrations for FR, HF and SM were 36, 39 and 26 (s.e. 1·96) g/kg. Increasing supplementary concentrate level from 3 to 6 kg/day increased side weight by 7 kg, of which proportionately 0·48 was fat. Extending the finishing period from 121 to 225 days increased side weight by 22 kg of which proportionately 0·45 was fat. Both the higher concentrate level and the longer finishing period reduced carcass muscle and bone proportions, and increased carcass fat proportion. Allometric regression coefficients for side muscle, bone and fat weights on side weight were 0·75, 0·51 and 2·13, respectively. It was calculated that FR, HF and SM would have similar carcass fat proportions at approximate carcass weights of 320, 290 and 380 kg, respectively.

Productivity and carcass composition of Friesian, Meuse-Rhine-Issel (MRI) × Friesian and Belgian Blue × Friesian steers

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Keane
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Carcass Conformation ◽  
Fat Score ◽  
Total Muscle

AbstractOne hundred and twenty spring-born steers, comprising 40 Friesians (FR), 40 Meuse-Rhine-lssel (MRI) × Friesians (MR), and 40 Belgian Blue × Friesians (BB) were reared together from 3 weeks of age to the start of their second winter. During the second winter there was a 3 (FR, MR and BB breed types) × 2 (3 kg and 6 kg supplementary concentrates per head daily with grass silage ad libitum) × 2 (96- and 220-day finishing periods) factorial arrangement of treatments (10 animals per subgroup). Carcass weights and grades were recorded after slaughter at the end of the second winter, and one side from each of 96 carcasses (eight per subgroup) was dissected into bone, muscle, intermuscular fat and subcutaneous fat. A sample of m. longissimus from the 10th rib was chemically analysed. Slaughter weights and carcass weights per day from arrival to slaughter were 796, 813 and 828 (s.e.d. 11·7) g and 419, 440 and 457 (s.e.d. 7·1) g for FR, MR and BB, respectively. Corresponding carcass weights were 314, 329 and 342 (s.e.d. 4·5) kg. BB had better conformation than both FR and MR. BB also had a lower carcass fat score, lower proportions of bone, intermuscular fat and subcutaneous fat, a higher proportion of muscle and muscle with higher proportion of moisture and a lower proportion of lipid than FR and MR. The higher level of concentrates increased side iveight by 8 kg, but the overall effects on carcass composition were small. The longer finishing period increased side weight by 25 kg and was associated with significantly reduced proportions of bone and muscle and an increased proportion of fat. Allometric regression coefficients for carcass weight on slaughter weight, and for bone, muscle and fat weights on side weight were 1·19, 0·39, 0·80 and 2·16, respectively. It is concluded that despite the better carcass conformation of MR, there was little difference in carcass and muscle composition between FR and MR. BB, in addition to having a higher growth rate and better carcass conformation than FR, also had more muscle in the carcass, more of the total muscle in the higher value joints and a lower proportion of lipid in the muscle. It was calculated that FR, MR and BB would have similar proportions of separable fat in the carcass at approximate carcass weights of 300, 320 and 400 kg, respectively.

Studies of fat distribution in the bovine carcass. I. The partition of fatty tissues between depots

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 381 ◽  
Author(s):  
HR Johnson ◽  
RM Butterfield ◽  
WJ Pryor
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Definition Of

(1) Total side fat (total dissected fat plus intramuscular fat) was examined in 23 bovine carcasses in four weight ranges. (2) The partition of fatty tissue between five depots revealed relative rises in intermuscular and subcutaneous depots and relative declines in intramuscular, kidney, and channel fats with increasing carcass weight. (3) Intermuscular and subcutaneous fats reached high levels relative to total side fat at different stages. Intermuscular fat rose quickly to c. 45.0% of total side fat at about 2.0 kg total side fat (c. 56 days) whilst subcutaneous fat reached 29.0% at c. 13.0 kg total side fat (c. 270 days). (4) Intramuscular fat did not show an increase relative to total side fat as carcass weight increased. Its contribution to total fat was greatest in the lightest sides and reached a minimal value at c. 13.0 kg total side fat, which it maintained thereafter. (5) All regressions of the weight of five fat depots on total side fat were highly significant (P < 0.01). (6) There appears to be a need for precise definition of fat distribution patterns in breeds and strains of cattle in order that carcasses of optimum composition might be produced.

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