Seasonal changes in phenolic compounds in the leaves of scab-resistant and susceptible apple cultivars

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 745-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Mikulic Petkovsek ◽  
F Stampar ◽  
R Veberic
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Total Phenols ◽  
Apple Varieties ◽  
Apple Leaves ◽  
Apple Cultivars

Leaf samples were collected from apple varieties susceptible and resistant to apple scab [Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint.] from June to September for 2 yr between 2005 and 2006. These were analyzed for phenolic compounds, using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In the apple leaves, the following hydroxycinnamic acids were detected: chlorogenic, caffeic and p-coumaric acids; the following dihydrochalcone: phloridzin, and the following flavonoids: epicatechin, catechin, rutin and quercitrin. The total of phenolic compounds in apple leaves was determined spectrophotometrically, using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. During the growing season, the content of phenolic compounds changed and was related to the physiological stage of the tissue and cultivar used. Each phenolic compound had its own curve of seasonal changes in concentration. In 2005 there was no significant change in total phenols during the growing season. In 2006, their content changed significantly during the growing season; statistically the highest content of total phenols was found in the leaves in August. Total phenols as well as single phenolics were statistically higher in resistant than in susceptible apple varieties for both years.Key words: Malus × domestica Borkh., leaves, phenolic compounds, seasonal changes, Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint., resistance

THE ROLE OF PHLORIDZIN IN THE HOST-PARASITE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE APPLE SCAB DISEASE

1961 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Barnes ◽  
E. B. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Protocatechuic Acid ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Breakdown Product ◽  
Stimulatory Action ◽  
Apple Leaves ◽  
Host Parasite

A stimulating substance in apple leaves which enhances the growth of Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint. was identified as phloridzin. The metabolism of this compound to phloretin, phloroglucinol, p-hydroxyphenyl propionic acid, p-hydrox-y benzoic acid, and protocatechuic acid is hypothesized on the presence of phloretin and phloroglucinol in the culture filtrates of V. inaequalis when it is grown in the presence of phloridzin. The only breakdown product which stimulated the parasite was p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid and it is concluded that its utilization by V. inaequalis may be the basis for the stimulatory action of phloridzin.The effect of these compounds and m-inositol on the growth and sporulation of V. inaequalis was studied. All of the compounds induced resistant reactions in the 384-1 selection but not in the Geneva variety. This may represent a specificity of the host to the action of these chemicals, indicating that they are correlated with the specificity of the host to races of V. inaequalis. Preliminary studies on the effects of these compounds on the metabolism of the host indicated that new phenolic compounds are produced.

scholarly journals Metabolic Changes in Phenolic Compounds in Buds during and after Dormancy Releasing in early and late (Malus sylvestris, Mill) Apple Varieties as Effected by Chilling Requirements

2021 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Mohamed A. Seif El-Yazal
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Total Phenols ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Apple Varieties ◽  
Malus Sylvestris ◽  
Chilling Requirements

In order to study the relation between seasonal changes in phenolic compounds and flower opining date according to chilling requirements. The early and late-opining apple varieties, Barkhar, Local and Strakhan (Malussylvestris) were used. This study investigated variations in chilling requirements, bud burst and development in early and late varieties of apple trees. Results showed less bud burst in late varieties than in early ones. In the former, there were increased in phenolic compounds (conjugated and total phenols) at budburst in all varieties. As dormancy begins, free phenols are increased, coinciding with a reduction in the levels of conjugated phenols. Consequently, as dormancy breaks, these free phenols are conjugate with organic constituents, and a decrease in the concentrations of free phenols occurs, in order to reduce inhibitory effect on growth. We conclude that late varieties (Strakhan) are less economical in manufacturing new growth, as indicated by less bud vigor at budburst than early varieties (Barkhar and local) and show a marked differential phenols compound pattern throughout bud development compared to early varieties.

scholarly journals Apple Autotetraploids with Enhanced Resistance to Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis) Due to Genome Duplication-Phenotypic and Genetic Evaluation

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 527
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Podwyszyńska ◽  
Monika Markiewicz ◽  
Agata Broniarek-Niemiec ◽  
Bożena Matysiak ◽  
Agnieszka Marasek-Ciolakowska
Keyword(s):  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Aflp Analysis ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Enhanced Resistance ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Old Trees

Among the fungal diseases of apple trees, serious yield losses are due to an apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis. Protection against this disease is based mainly on chemical treatments, which are currently very limited. Therefore, it is extremely important to introduce cultivars with reduced susceptibility to this pathogen. One of the important sources of variability for breeding is the process of polyploidization. Newly obtained polyploids may acquire new features, including increased resistance to diseases. In our earlier studies, numerous tetraploids have been obtained for several apple cultivars with ‘Free Redstar’ tetraploids manifesting enhanced resistance to apple scab. In the present study, tetraploids of ‘Free Redstar’ were assessed in terms of phenotype and genotype with particular emphasis on the genetic background of their increased resistance to apple scab. Compared to diploid plants, tetraploids (own-rooted plants) were characterized with poor growth, especially during first growing season. They had considerably shorter shoots, fewer branches, smaller stem diameter, and reshaped leaves. In contrast to own-rooted plants, in M9-grafted three-year old trees, no significant differences between diplo- and tetraploids were observed, either in morphological or physiological parameters, with the exceptions of the increased leaf thickness and chlorophyll content recorded in tetraploids. Significant differences between sibling tetraploid clones were recorded, particularly in leaf shape and some physiological parameters. The amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis confirmed genetic polymorphism of tetraploid clones. Methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) analysis showed that the level of DNA methylation was twice as high in young tetraploid plants as in a diploid donor tree, which may explain the weaker vigour of neotetraploids in the early period of their growth in the juvenile phase. Molecular analysis showed that ‘Free Redstar’ cultivar and their tetraploids bear six Rvi genes (Rvi5, Rvi6, Rvi8, Rvi11, Rvi14 and Rvi17). Transcriptome analysis confirmed enhanced resistance to apple scab of ‘Free Redstar’ tetraploids since the expression levels of genes related to resistance were strongly enhanced in tetraploids compared to their diploid counterparts.

scholarly journals A New Phytosanitary Method to Reduce the Ascospore Potential of Venturia inaequalis

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska M. Porsche ◽  
Barbara Pfeiffer ◽  
Andreas Kollar
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Apple Leaves ◽  
Litter Decay ◽  
Ascospore Discharge ◽  
Infection Pressure

Ascospores of Venturia inaequalis, released from pseudothecia in overwintered, infected apple leaves, serve as the primary inoculum for apple scab. In this study, we tested a new sanitation strategy to reduce ascospore inoculum under orchard conditions over three overwintering periods. After leaf fall, nutrient media containing different concentrations of degraded casein or a yeast extract from Saccharomyces cerivisiae were applied to leaf litter infected with apple scab. The application of 30 and 60% yeast extract showed the greatest efficacy, and significantly reduced ascospore discharge by 99% (P < 0.01) in 2013 and 2014. The efficacy of the treatments did not differ from treatment with 5% urea (P > 0.05). Leaf litter decay was accelerated in the plots treated with yeast extract compared with untreated control plots. Moreover, apple leaves treated with yeast extract had completely decayed due to earthworm activity before ascospore maturity. In comparison, up to 26% of the leaves in untreated control plots had not decayed. These results suggest that the treatment of leaf litter with yeast extract can almost completely eliminate apple scab inoculum in the course of the whole primary season. These sanitation practices may be beneficial for both organic and conventional cultivation. The reduced infection pressure may allow growers the usage of fungicides with lower efficacy or to reduce the number of applications needed to manage apple scab in spring.

Phenolic compounds in apple leaves after infection with apple scab

2011 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Petkovsek ◽  
A. Slatnar ◽  
F. Stampar ◽  
R. Veberic
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Apple Leaves

scholarly journals Farm-scale evaluation of two widely used sanitation practices for reducing primary inoculums of apple scab in organic apple production

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Holb ◽  
A. Rózsa ◽  
F. Abonyi
Keyword(s):  
Primary Infection ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Scale Level ◽  
Scale Evaluation ◽  
Farm Scale ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Fallen Leaves

Effects of two widely used sanitation practices were evaluated at farm-scale level on leaf degradation and primary infection by Venturia inaequalis in an organic apple orchard (Eperjeske) on two apple cultivars (Jonathan and Prima) from 2011 to 2013. The tested sanitation practices were eradication of fallen leaves by collection and disc cultivation. Treatments of eradication of fallen leaves by collection and disc cultivation reduced signifi cantly (P< 0.001) leaf litter density with 70–85 and 40–55%, respectively, compared to untreated plots in both years. Above treatments in the same order reduced spring scab incidence with 40–50, and 10–20%, respectively, compared to untreated plots. Incidence of leaf scab in autumn was not signifi cantly lower (P< 0.05) in the treatments in the years.

scholarly journals Apple cultivars resistant to scab (Venturia inaequalis (Cke) Aderh.) Part I. Pomological evaluation of apple cultivars

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 105-122
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Borecki ◽  
Aleksander Rejman ◽  
Ryszard Nowakowski ◽  
Beata Słowińska
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
High Susceptibility ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Flowering Season ◽  
Lower Productivity ◽  
Apple Cultivars

Sixteen apple cultivars and numbered selections resistant to apple scab were investigated in the years 1982-1986. The investigations concerned the following questions: vigour of growth, flowering, season of ripening, evaluation of fruits and their biochemical analysis. Three groups of apple cultivars were distinguished. The first group included 'Freedom', 'Liberty' and 'Novamac' which showed high productivity, satisfactory winterhardiness and best taste of fruits. Four cultivars: 'Primula', 'Prima', 'Priam' and 'Liberty Sister', were recognized as interesting because. of their ripening season and original taste but their winterhardiness was insufficient. Seven cultivars: 'Florina', 'Sir Prize', 'Priscilla', 'Macfree', 'Nova Easygro', 'Gavin' and 'Jonafree', as well as two numbered selections, NY 55-158-2 and NY 61-345-2, were disqualified because of lower productivity, high susceptibility to apple powdery mildew, poor taste, low acidity of fruits and low winterhardiness.

scholarly journals Fungal communities isolated from dead apple leaves from orchards in Quebec

2005 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bernier ◽  
O. Carisse ◽  
T.C. Paulitz
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Malus Pumila ◽  
Apple Leaves

Venturia inaequalis, the causal agent of apple scab, overwinters in apple (Malus pumila) leaves on the orchard floor by producing pseudothecia. The objectives of this survey were to make a collection of fungi to be subsequently tested for their potential as psychrophile biocontrol agents against V. inaequalis and to acquire knowledge on the diversity of the microflora of dead apple leaves. Fungi were recovered from dead apple leaves collected in the spring and fall of 1993. A total of 345 isolates from 49 genera were identified. Fifteen gene were not previously recorded as colonizers of apple leaves in North America.

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