ATRAZINE PERSISTENCE AND RESIDUE EFFECTS ON ROTATION CROPS

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. IVANY ◽  
J. M. SADLER ◽  
E. R. KIMBALL ◽  
K. B. McRAE
Keyword(s):  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Significant Yield

Field studies on Prince Edward Island (P.E.I.) loam to fine sandy loam soils from 1977 to 1980 determined the rate of breakdown of atrazine and soil residue effects on crops grown in rotation with silage corn (Zea mays L.). The rate of breakdown was rapid during the first 30 days after application with an estimated half-life of 23 days when averaged over rates and years. Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) were most sensitive to atrazine residues; yields of red clover were reduced significantly from the 1.13-kg/ha rate and of timothy after the 2.25-kg/ha rate. Yields of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) broadcast seeded in standing corn in August and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seeded the next spring were not affected, or reduced only slightly, by atrazine residues from initial applications of 1.13 kg/ha but showed significant yield losses at the 2.25- and 4.50-kg/ha rates. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seeded the next spring after atrazine use was tolerant of residues showing significant yield losses only at the 4.50-kg/ha rate. In this study, atrazine applied at 1.13 kg/ha in silage corn was sufficiently broken down to permit production of all crops studied except red clover.Key words: Atrazine, residue, clover (red), timothy, alfalfa, rye (winter), barley

EFFECT OF METHODS OF APPLICATION AND RESIDUAL EFFECT OF MOLYBDENUM ON THE MOLYBDENUM CONCENTRATION AND YIELD OF FORAGES ON PODZOL SOILS

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
UMESH C. GUPTA
Keyword(s):  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. ’Saranac’), red clover (Trifolium pratense L. ’Lakeland’), and timothy (Phleum pratense L. ’Climax’) were grown at two locations on Charlottetown fine sandy loam soils in Prince Edward Island. The pH values of the soils were 5.6 and 5.7, respectively. The three levels of lime were 0, 2.24 and 4.48 metric tonnes/ha and the Mo treatments included no Mo, Mo added as foliar spray and Mo added to the soils. In the first sampling, applications of 0.44 kg Mo/ha as foliar spray to soil limed to pH 5.9 and 6.3 in the three crops resulted in tissue Mo concentrations of greater than 10 ppm which when fed to livestock could produce Mo toxicity. With soil applications of 0.88 kg Mo/ha, tissue Mo concentrations of greater than 10 ppm occurred only in alfalfa and red clover limed to soil pH 5.6, 5.9 and 6.3. The tissue Mo levels in the second sampling decreased sharply when compared to those in the first sampling. The differences in Mo concentrations in second, third and fourth samplings were very small. There was a significant interaction (Mo × lime) because the increases of Mo concentration in red clover due to liming were much greater at higher rates of Mo than at lower rates of Mo. In the case of a suspected Mo deficiency, addition of about 0.2 kg Mo/ha as foliar spray or of 0.4 kg Mo/ha applied to the soil should alleviate a Mo deficiency problem. Residual effects at these levels of Mo should last for 2–3 yr from the crop sufficiency point of view. Molybdenum applied as foliar spray increased timothy yields by 15–17% at one location.

scholarly journals Influence of previous crops and nematicide treatments on root lesion nematode populations and crop yields

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kimpinski ◽  
L.M. Edwards ◽  
C.E. Gallant ◽  
H.W. Johnson ◽  
J.A. MacLeod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Root Lesion Nematode ◽  
Lesion Nematodes ◽  
Lesion Nematode ◽  
Root Lesion Nematodes

A field study assessing the influence of the previous crop, the crop sequence, and aldicarb treatments on root lesion nematode populations and crop yields was carried out in Prince-Edward-Island, Canada. The most recent crop had the greatest impact on nematode numbers. The crop sequences had an influence in some cases on root lesion nematode populations (primarily Pratylenchus penetrans) and on crop yields. In commercial barley (Hordeum vulgare) fields, root lesion nematodes in roots were greatest when barley followed a red clover (Trifolium pratense) timothy (Phleum pratense) ley, and stunt nematodes (Tylenchorhynchus spp., primarily T. dubius, and Merlinius spp.) were more common when barley followed barley. The combined dry weight of foliage and grain was larger when barley was planted after potato (Solanumtuberosum) and smaller when barley followed barley or a red clover-timothy mixture. Under experimental field conditions, root lesion nematode populations were largest in barley roots when barley followed potato and grain yields were smallest when barley followed barley. Changes in nematode populations in potato were not associated with crop sequences. Potato tuber yields were higher in the sequences that began with wheat (Triticum aestivum) or barley than in the sequences that began with potato or soybean (Glycine max). Aldicarb reduced the numbers of root lesion nematodes in roots with concomitant yield increases in potato and soybean.

Effect of herbicides on two species of clover underseeded into barley

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 973-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Ivany ◽  
D. Holmstrom ◽  
H. T. Kunelius
Keyword(s):  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Severely Injured ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Herbicide Mixtures ◽  
Plant Stand ◽  
Berseem Clover

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) producers on Prince Edward Island often underseed red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) into barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crops so as to have a forage crop in the third year of the 3-yr rotation of potatoes-grain-forages. Some producers would like to plant an annual legume that could be underseeded in barley to improve soil organic matter levels in a 2-yr rotation of barley-potatoes. We examined, over 3 yr (1996–1998), the effect of herbicides commonly used in barley on perennial red clover and annual berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) underseeded in barley. Based on clover plant stand after herbicide application, both red clover and berseem were killed by herbicide mixtures containing dicamba and were severely injured by bromoxynil. Red clover was severely injured by thifensulfuron/tribenuron mixture whereas berseem clover was only slightly injured. MCPA-Na generally caused little injury to either clover species whereas MCPB/MCPA caused less injury to red clover than to berseem clover. Clover yield in the fall reflected level of injury noted during the season. Key words: Red clover, berseem clover, underseeded clover, herbicide, dicamba, MCPA–Na

RATE OF METRIBUZIN BREAKDOWN AND RESIDUE EFFECTS ON ROTATION CROPS

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 481-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. IVANY ◽  
J. M. SADLER ◽  
E. R. KIMBALL
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Winter Rye

Field studies on Prince Edward Island loam to fine sandy loam soils from 1977–1980 evaluated the rate of breakdown of metribuzin (4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one) and soil residue effects on crops grown in rotation with potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). Yields of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) seeded in September and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seeded in spring were not reduced with metribuzin applied at rates of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 kg/ha to the preceding potato crop. Yields of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) seeded the next spring after metribuzin were significantly reduced in the first experiment at applied rates of 1.0 and 0.5 kg/ha, respectively, but not in the other two experiments. Barley and timothy yields apparently were reduced in the second but not the third experiment at an applied rate of 1.5 kg/ha. The rate of breakdown of metribuzin was rapid in all three experiments but slower in 1977 than in the other 2 yr. The half-life of metribuzin averaged over rates applied was 39 days in 1977, 32 days in 1978, and 30 days in 1979 in P.E.I. soils. From these data, it is doubtful that metribuzin will persist in sufficient amounts in P.E.I. soils to adversely affect crops of winter rye or red clover grown in rotation but may result in some yield reduction of barley at the high rate of application of 1.0 kg/ha and reduction in timothy yield at applied rate of 0.5 kg/ha in those years when rate of breakdown was slow.Key words: Metribuzin, residue, red clover, timothy, winter rye, barley

WINTER CROWN ROT OR SNOW MOLD OF ALFALFA, CLOVERS, AND GRASSES IN ALBERTA: II. FIELD STUDIES ON HOST AND VARIETAL RESISTANCE AND OTHER FACTORS RELATED TO CONTROL

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 537-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Cormack
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Snow Mold ◽  
Wide Range

Many overwintering cultivated and native plants proved susceptible to the low-temperature basidiomycete which causes winter crown rot or snow mold of forage legumes and grasses in Alberta. Tests were made by inoculation in the late fall, or by planting in infested land. In the legumes, high resistance was found only in Medicago falcata and a Siberian strain of Trifolium pratense. T. hybridum, Melilotus spp., and the commonly grown varieties of alfalfa were particularly susceptible. Bromus spp. and Agropyron spp. proved highly resistant. Resistance was moderate in Elymus spp., Poa pratensis, and Festuca elatior; and slight in F. rubra and Phleum pratense. Agrostis alba, winter wheat, and winter rye were highly susceptible. In tests on horticultural plants, rhubarb and chives appeared to be immune; raspberry, peony, and columbine were resistant; and strawberry, parsnip, iris, and tulip were highly susceptible. A wide range of native plants and weeds suffered severe damage, and only Thalictrum spp. proved highly resistant. Shrubs and trees were not attacked.Following severe damage, crop rotation proved to be essential for the control of winter crown rot. The pathogen did not persist in the soil to any extent for longer than two to three years in land which was summer-fallowed or planted to annual crops or resistant grasses. Brome and other resistant grasses proved helpful in maintaining forage stands. Fertilizer treatments did not reduce the damage. Uncut tops and debris favored spread of the disease in alfalfa stands.

EFFECT OF APPLIED SELENIUM ON THE SELENIUM CONTENT OF BARLEY AND FORAGES AND SOIL SELENIUM DEPLETION RATES

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
UMESH C. GUPTA ◽  
K. A. WINTER ◽  
K. B. McRAE
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Cropping Seasons ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Two separate field experiments were conducted on several crops to determine the effect of selenium (Se) applied to soils with pH levels between 5.7 and 6.6. Tissue Se levels after a single application of Se and lime, were monitored for up to six cropping years or until the tissue Se fell below 0.1 ppm, the level considered to be necessary for animal nutrition. For applications of 1.12 and 2.24 kg Se/ha, the minimal tissue Se concentration (> 0.1 ppm) was maintained in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) for two cropping years, but with a very sharp decrease for the first 3 yr. In the case of timothy (Phleum pratense L.), tissue levels greater than 0.1 ppm were maintained for 3 yr at the higher rate of Se without lime and up to 5 yr at high soil pH levels. At the applied rates of 0.28 and 0.56 kg Se/ha, the tissue Se levels above 0.1 ppm in timothy, red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were maintained for one and two cropping years, respectively. In spite of the sharp decrease in plant tissue Se levels, little decrease in total soil Se was noted at rates of 1.12 and 2.24 kg Se/ha after successive croppings of barley and timothy. Although not always significant, liming, in general, increased the plant Se concentration. The Se concentration (log ppm) for tissues (or depletion of Se availability) in the Se-applied plots decreased linearly for at least the first three cropping seasons.

PERFORMANCE OF SOD-SEEDED TEMPERATE LEGUMES IN GRASS DOMINANT SWARDS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 643-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. KUNELIUS ◽  
A. J. CAMPBELL
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Small Plot ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Temperate Legumes

Small plot experiments and field scale trials were conducted to determine the establishment and growth of sod-seeded alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), white clover (T. repens L.), and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) in fine sandy loam soils on Prince Edward Island. Both pasture and hayfield managements were included. A John Deere PowrTill 1500 drill was used for sod-seeding and various combinations of grazing, herbicides, and clipping were used for vegetation suppression during establishment of the legumes. Sod-seeded red and white clovers established the best and were the most productive species. It was estimated that in the postseeding year sod-seeding of clovers resulted in yields comparable to stands fertilized with 100-150 kg N∙ha−1 annually. Trefoil and alfalfa had variable establishment and usually made a limited contribution to sward productivity. Timothy sod-seeded in conjunction with red clover, white clover or alfalfa established satisfactorily with all three legume species used.Key words: Pasture renovation, red clover, white clover, alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, sod-seeding

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE SOIL ACIDITY PROBLEM IN ALBERTA AND NORTHEASTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. PENNEY ◽  
M. NYBORG ◽  
P. B. HOYT ◽  
W. A. RICE ◽  
B. SIEMENS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Crop Species

The amount of cultivated acid soil in Alberta and northeastern British Columbia was estimated from pH values of farm samples analyzed by the Alberta Soil Testing Laboratory, and the effect of soil acidity on crops was assessed from field experiments on 28 typical acid soils. The field experiments consisted of two cultivars of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and one cultivar each of rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown with and without lime for 2 yr. There are about 30,000 ha of soils with a pH of 5.0 or less where soil acidity seriously restricts yields of all four crop species. There are approximately 300,000 ha with a soil pH of 5.1–5.5 where liming will on the average increase yields of alfalfa by 100%, yields of barley by 10–15%, and yields of rapeseed and red clover by 5–10%. There are a further 1,600,000 ha where soil pH ranges from 5.6 to 6.0 and liming will increase yields of alfalfa by approximately 50% and yields of barley, rapeseed and red clover by at least 4–5%.

THE EFFECT OF ANTECEDENT FREEZE-THAW FREQUENCY ON RUNOFF AND SOIL LOSS FROM FROZEN SOIL WITH AND WITHOUT SUBSOIL COMPACTION AND GROUND COVER

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 799-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
LINNELL M. EDWARDS ◽  
J. R. BURNEY
Keyword(s):  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Rainfall Simulator ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Sediment Loss ◽  
Freezing Period ◽  
Subsoil Compaction

Three soils from Prince Edward Island (a loam, a fine sandy loam, and a sandy loam) were tested under a laboratory rainfall simulator to examine the effects of frequency of freezing and thawing, winter rye cover, incorporated cereal residue, and subsoil compaction on runoff volume and sediment loss. Wooden soil boxes were subjected to simulated rain (i) at the end of a 10-d freezing period, and (ii) at the end of the 5th 24-h freezing period of a 10-d alternating freeze-thaw cycle (freeze/thaw). Where the soil was continuously frozen for 10 d, there was 178% greater sediment loss and 160% greater runoff than with daily freeze/thaw over the same period, but there was no difference in sediment concentration. Incorporated cereal residue decreased sediment loss to 50% and runoff to 77% of that from bare soil. Winter rye cover decreased sediment loss to 73% of that from bare soil. Simulated soil compaction caused a 45% increase in sediment loss. The loam soil showed 16.5% greater loss of fine sediment fractions <0.075 mm than the fine sandy loam which showed 23.4% greater loss than the sandy loam. Key words: Freeze-thaw, erosion, compaction, winter rye, cereal residue, rainfall simulator, Prince Edward Island soils

scholarly journals Study Sowing Grasslands Based on Red Clover with Perennial Grasses

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Denes DEAK ◽  
Ioan ROTAR ◽  
Florin PACURAR ◽  
Anca BOGDAN
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Stable Manure

Seeded lawns is one of the most important links in the process of improving the forage base, ensure feed quality with high productivity. Mixtures of red clover crops (Trifolium pratense) with perennial grasses (Lolium multiflorum, Phleum pratense and Poa pratensis) has high productivity due to better utilization of ecological niches of the biotope (ROTAR I.et al.). These crops has advantages like high content of protein because of the red clover, economy-based fertilizer nitrogen from atmospheric nitrogen fixation by bacteria Rhizobium spp. located in the root of legumes. These seeded pastures get a balanced feed nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids), have a high palatability. The species Trifolium pratense has a greater capacity to restore the soil structure and also the enrichment of the macro-elements, like phosphorus and potassium (CARLIER L., et. al). Our experience took place in the village Simonesti, Cobătesti village of the Harghita county. The experimental field was located respecting the experimental technique rules in randomized blocks with a technique that includes three variants based on red clover plus a perennial grass (Lolium multiflorum, Poa pratensis and Phleum pratense). Every version was fertilized with two types of fertilizer: one liquid (gull) and one solid (stable manure) in four different doses in all three variants. The doses were: V1 = 0 gull; V2 = 5 t / ha gull; V3 = 10 t / ha gull; V4 = 20 t / ha gulle and V1 = 0 stable manure; V2 = 10 t / ha stable manure; V3 = 30 t / ha stable manure and V4 = 50 t / ha stable manure. In our studies we present the influence of fertilization with gull and stable manure on yield of green mass of all three variants. In general, both gull fertilization with manure favors grasses at the expense of installing legumes. The higher doses of fertilizer increase, the share of participant of grasses increases.

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