BIOLOGY OF Alternaria alternata, THE CAUSAL AGENT OF BLACK POD DISEASE OF WHITE BEAN IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 913-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. TU
Keyword(s):  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
White Bean ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Black Pod

During the growing season Alternaria alternata was isolated from leaves of many weed species commonly found in or around a bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) field. The fungus was also found on bean plants at all stages of growth. Population densities of A. alternata on the leaves of bean plants grown from surface-sterilized and non-sterilized seeds were similar. Population densities of A. alternata on the leaves of weeds and beans increaased as the growing season advanced. The increase in the population of A. alternata was correlated with natural senescence of leaf tissues. Sugars and ninhydrin positive substances (NPS) in the leaf wash increased with plant age. At a given growth stage, the concentration of sugars and NPS found in leaf washes of cultivars susceptible to A. alternata were higher than those tolerant to it.Key words: Bean (field), Alternaria alternata

Effects of planting date, irrigation and rain on infection, disease severity and pod discoloration caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 315-321
Author(s):  
J. C. Tu
Keyword(s):  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Overhead Irrigation ◽  
Infection Disease ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Black Pod Disease

Black-pod disease of bean, caused by Alternaria alternata, was shown to be more severe on early-seeded than on late-seeded crops. This contradicts an earlier view that early spring planting could reduce this disease. Beans should be planted late, harvested soon after maturity and dried rapidly. Overhead irrigation during the growing season reduced the establishment of epiphytic populations on the leaves and consequently reduced the incidence of infestation. After bean plants matured, epiphytic Alternaria began to grow on the pods when they came in contact with rain or dew. Key words: Bean, Alternaria black pod, planting date, irrigation, rain

CONTRIBUTION OF N2 FIXATION TO FIELD BEAN AND PEA N UPTAKE OVER THE GROWING SEASON UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 695-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. N. KUCEY
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Field Bean ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Southern Alberta

Dinitrogen fixation with field bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. 'GN1140') and pea (Pisum sativum L. 'Trapper') over the growing season under field conditions was determined using 15N isotope dilution methods. Levels of N2 fixation were low during the early part of the growing season for both bean and pea, and increased later in the growing season. At physiological maturity, GN1140 fixed over 91 kg N ha−1, contributing between 60 and 90% of the N in the bean plants. Pea fixed 117 kg N ha−1, which constituted a maximum of 57% of the pea plant N. More N was contained in the bean and pea pods than was fixed over the growing season. Key words: Bean (field), pea, Phaseolus vulgaris, Pisum sativum, 15N dilution

scholarly journals Protocol for detecting Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens in the leaves of infected bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. e51031
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Dalbelo Puia ◽  
Rafaela Rodrigues Murari ◽  
Leandro Camargo Borsato ◽  
Vanessa Hitomi Sugahara ◽  
Gabriela da Silva Machineski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Positive Bacterium ◽  
Efficient Detection ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Cff), which is a gram-positive bacterium that causes wilting in several cultivated plants, is one of the main disease-causing bacteria in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Different techniques are employed to detect pathogens in bean plants; however, only a few slow and inefficient methodologies can be used to detect Cff. Hence, there is a need for rapid and efficient techniques to detect Cff for disease management. The objective of our study was to develop a technique to effectively detect Cff in the leaves of infected bean plants by optimizing a previously developed method. We modified the extraction method by reducing the amount of water used, replacing seeds with leaf tissues (obtained from the veins and petioles) and using CffFOR2 and CffREV4 primers specific for Cff. Our optimized method exploits a concentration gradient generated in the plant tissue through osmosis to disrupt the plant cell wall and efficiently isolate bacterial cells. DNA extracted from the isolated bacterial cells was amplified by polymerase chain reaction. This method allowed efficient detection of Cff in leaf tissues.

scholarly journals Control químico de malezas en frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) en el estado de Veracruz.

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Valentín A. Esqueda ◽  
Octavio Cano ◽  
Ernesto López
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Residual Moisture ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Efficient Control

Two experiments wiht herbicides were carried out during the Fall-Winter seasons of 1990-91 and 1991-92. The objective was to determine the best preemergence and/or postemergence herbicide treatments for controlling the dominant weed species in the residual moisture growing sistem of beans. The experiments were established in the central area of the state of Veracruz, Mexico.In both experiments, treatments were distributed in a CRBD with 12 treatments and four replications. Melampodium divaricatum and Cyperus rotundus were the dominant weed species in both experimental sites. Euphorbia heterophylla and Sorghum halepense were dominant in one location each. In preemergence, the maximum control of M. divaricatum was obtained with alachlor (2 kg a.i./ha) and linuron (2 kg/ha), the last herbicide was also efficient to control E. heterophylla. In postemergence, fomesafen (0.25 kg/ha) showed an efficient control of the two dominant weed species. No treatment controlled C. rotundus, and S. halepense was only controlled with a treatment included fluazifop-butyl. Linuron and alachlor caused toxicity to the bean plants when the residual moisture of the soil was high. However, and contrary to the response observed with these two herbicides, fomesafen caused a higher toxicity when the residual moisture in the soil was low.

ETIOLOGY OF BLACK POD DISEASE AND SEED COAT DISCOLORATION OF WHITE BEANS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. TU
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
White Mold ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Black Pod Disease

Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler was identified as the cause of the black pod disease and greyish discoloration of the seed coat of white beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The severity of pod discoloration varied from dark grey flecks or stipples to dark grey patches which later coalesced. Seeds from severely affected pods often showed varying degrees of discoloration, which persisted through processing. Benomyl and chlorothalonil sprays, used to control white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), significantly increased the incidence of discoloration. In vitro, A. alternata was insensitive to both fungicides. There was more black pod disease and seed-coat discoloration in the early maturing cultivar Seafarer, than in the late-maturing cultivar Fleetwood.

Wild beets as an important inoculum source of Alternaria alternata, a cause of leaf blight of cotton in Israel

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 2608-2615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoav Bashan ◽  
Hanna Levanony ◽  
Reuven Or
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Virulent Isolate ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Wild Beet ◽  
Overwintering Survival ◽  
Scanning Electron

Alternaria alternata, isolated from the leaves of wild beets, infected cotton as well as wild and cultivated beets. Scanning electron microscopy of wild beet and cotton leaves infected by an aggressive isolate of A. alternata revealed that conidiophores of the pathogen emerged only from necrotic areas of leaf tissues. Sporulation occurred on leaves only during periods of high relative humidity (> 95%) and temperatures ranging from 20 to 28 °C. Under low relative humidity (60% at 22–25 °C), mycelium penetrated into internal tissues of the leaf or emerged through the stomata. A less virulent isolate did not develop surface mycelium on inoculated leaves, but sporulation was detected on the leaf veins. Plants in several cotton fields adjacent to the diseased wild beet plants were infected by the pathogen early in the growing season. This study proposes that isolates of A. alternata that are virulent on cotton may overwinter on wild beet plants, making them an important source of the pathogen inoculum in epidemics of alternaria blight of cotton. Key words: Alternaria, beet, cotton diseases, fungi overseason transfer, fungi overwintering, survival.

ĐIỀU TRA, TINH SẠCH VÀ TÌM HIỂU TÍNH CHẤT ĐẶC TRƯNG CỦA LECTIN MỘT SỐ GIỐNG ĐẬU CÔ VE (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cao Đăng Nguyên ◽  
Nguyễn Thị Cẩm Hạnh
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
White Bean

Đã điều tra lectin của 6 giống đậu cô ve thấy rằng cả 6 giống đều có hoạt tính lectin trong đó giống đậu cove hạt trắng dạng bụi (white bean core bush type white seeds) có hoạt tính lectin mạnh nhất, đặc biệt đối với hồng cầu trâu, bò, lợn. Lectin của 6 giống này đều không có biểu hiện đặc hiệu nhóm máu. Lectin đậu cove hạt trắng dạng bụi hoạt động tốt nhất ở nhiệt độ 300C – 400C, pH 6,8 – 7,6. Các đường α-D-glucose, α-D-galactose, D-mannose, D-fructose, D-saccharide,  D-lactose, D-arabinose và D-manitose ở nồng độ 0,05 – 0,1 M có tác dụng kìm hãm hoạt tính của lectin đậu cove hạt trắng dạng bụi. Lectin này cũng bị kìm hãm bởi protein của một số huyết thanh người và động vật (trâu, bò, lợn). Đã tinh sạch lectin đậu cove hạt trắng dạng bụi có độ tinh sạch gấp khoảng 52 lần so với dịch thô ban đầu. Trên gel polyacrylamide thấy xuất hiện 5 band có khối lượng phân tử trong khoảng 30 – 97 kDa.

Some metabolic responses of bush bean plants to a subherbicidal concentration of certain s-triazine compounds

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 2213-2217 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Singh ◽  
D. K. Salunkhe
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Reductase ◽  
Nitrate Reduction ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphatase ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Transaminase Activity ◽  
Starch Phosphorylase ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Bush Bean

A solution containing 0.5 p.p.m. of atrazine, simazine, igran, or GS-14254 with 0.2% triton-B 1956 was applied to the foliage of 11-day-old seedlings of bush beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivar Tender-green, growing on vermiculite in a controlled environment. The activities of nitrate reductase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, α-amylase, starch phosphorylase, and adenosine triphosphatase were determined 5,10, and 20 days after treatment. In general, the activity of each of the five enzymes was stimulated by the treatment. The results suggest that protein increase following the application of.s-triazines to bean plants may stem in part from an enhanced rate of amino acid formation resulting from the induced increment in nitrate reductase and transaminase activity. The application of these chemicals also creates a metabolic condition favorable for greater use of carbohydrates needed for nitrate reduction and protein synthesis, and as a source of organic acid synthesis.

scholarly journals Weed Interference Affects Dry Bean Yield and Growth

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 70-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein GHAMARI ◽  
Goudarz AHMADVAND
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Logistic Equations ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Minimum Number

Dry bean is one of the most important pulse crops in Iran. Field study was conducted in 2011 to evaluate effects of weed competition from a natural flora on growth and yield of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The treatments consisted of weed infestation and weed removal periods (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 days) after crop emergence. Control plots kept weed-infested and weed-free throughout growing season. To assess the weed competition effect on crop characteristics, Richards, Gompertz and logistic equations were fitted to the data. The most abundant weed species were Chenopodium album and Amaranthus retroflexus. Increase in duration of weed interference decreased the stem height of dry bean. At the end of the growing season, dry bean was 20 cm taller in season-long weed-free treatment compared to the season-long weed-infested treatment. As the number of days of weed interference increased, a declining trend of LAI and number of pods was observed. The minimum number of pods was obtained in season-long weed-infested treatment (5.01 pods/plant). Weed interference during the whole growing season, caused a 60% reduction in yield. Considering 5% and 10% acceptable yield lost, the critical period of weed competition was determined from 20 to 68 and 23 to 55 days after planting (DAE), respectively.

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