THE REACTION OF TWO LUVISOLIC FOREST SOILS TO PHOSPHATE FERTILIZATION

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-395
Author(s):  
J. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soils ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Aluminum Phosphate ◽  
Phosphorus Compounds ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Litter Layer ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Sampling Depth ◽  
Chemical Extractants ◽  
Phosphate Fertilization

Response of two forested Luvisolic soils to phosphorus fertilization was compared using chemical extractants known to be effective in removing certain soil phosphorus compounds. Fifteen months following fertilization application, the Mercoal series (Bisequa Luvisol) showed total phosphorus decreases in each of the soil horizons or layers sampled. To sampling depth, phosphorus concentrations in all but the NH4F extract (mainly aluminum phosphate) were lower in fertilized than in control samples. Vegetative uptake was considered to be mainly responsible for phosphorus decreases and movement, especially noticeable in the deeper mineral horizons. The Coalspur series (Orthic Luvisol) showed an appreciable phosphorus increase in the litter layer although both mineral horizons, Ae and Bt, exhibited losses. The Coalspur soil exhibited increases in soil phosphorus susceptible to all but the NH4F extractant. The data suggest a greater mobility and movement of soil phosphorus in these Luvisolic forest soils than usually observed in cultivated soils. Following fertilization, Mercoal probably had a greater number of phosphorus compounds (reaction products perhaps) more readily available than did the Coalspur.

scholarly journals REACTIVITY OF NUCLEOPHILES AND α-EFFECT IN SUBSTITUTION PROCESSES AT ELECTRON - DEFICIENCY CENTERS

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatolii Popov ◽  
Illia Kapitanov ◽  
Anna Serdyuk ◽  
Aleksandr Sumeiko
Keyword(s):  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Organophosphorus Pesticides ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Hydroxamic Acids ◽  
Phosphorus Compounds ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Electron Pairs ◽  
Alkyl Derivatives ◽  
Solvent Type ◽  
Electron Deficiency

The review analyzes issues related to the reactivity of nucleophiles and the manifestation of the α-effect in substitution processes at electron-deficient centers. The fundamental aspects of this phenomenon, as well as the possibilities and prospects of using α-nucleophiles in systems for the highly efficient degradation of substrates - ecotoxicants of various natures, are discussed. In the first part of the review such aspects were observed: inorganic α-nucleophiles as the most effective class of reagents for the decomposition of organic phosphorus compounds, hydroxylamine, its N-alkyl derivatives, oximes, and hydroxamic acids, reactivity of the НОО– anion in the processes of acyl group transfer, reactivity of oximate ions, inorganic α-nucleophiles as the basis of formulations for the degradation of neurotoxins, vesicants, and organophosphorus pesticides, design of inhibited acetylcholinesterase reactivators based on hydroxylamine derivatives, ways of structural modification of α-nucleophiles and systems based on them. The data on the reactivity of typical inorganic α-nucleophiles in the cleavage of acyl-containing substrates, including phosphorus acid esters, which provide abnormally high reaction rates in comparison with other supernucleophiles, are analyzed. Various types of such α-nucleophiles, features of their structure and reactivity are considered. It was shown that an important feature of hydroxylamine, oximes, and hydroxamic acids is the presence of a fragment with adjacent O and N (–N – O – H) atoms containing one or more lone electron pairs, which determines their belonging to the class of α-nucleophiles. It has been shown that a many of factors can be responsible for the manifestation of the α-effect and its magnitude, the main of which is the destabilization of the ground state of the nucleophile due to repulsion of lone electron pairs, stabilization of the transition state, the unusual thermodynamic stability of reaction products, solvation effects of the solvent, type of hybridization of the electrophilic center, etc.

scholarly journals Corrective and maintenance phosphorus fertilization on sugarcane yield in Oxisols

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomaz Adolpho Rein ◽  
João de Deus Gomes dos Santos Junior ◽  
Djalma Martinhão Gomes de Sousa ◽  
Wellington Pereira de Carvalho ◽  
Gabriel de Castro Lemes
Keyword(s):  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Availability ◽  
Cane Yield ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Saccharum Spp ◽  
High Phosphorus ◽  
Sugarcane Yield

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) yield in response to corrective and maintenance phosphorus fertilization in Oxisols. Two experiments were carried out in randomized complete blocks with four replicates. In the corrective fertilization treatments, 150 kg ha-1 P2O5 were broadcast and incorporated before planting. In the maintenance fertilization treatments, 40 kg ha-1 P2O5 per year were applied over the trash blanket. All treatments, except the control, were fertilized with 170 kg ha-1 P2O5 in the planting furrow. The first experiment was carried out in a sugarcane expansion area and the second, in a replanting area, in Oxisols with a low and high phosphorus availability, respectively. In the first experiment, corrective fertilization increased cane yield in 13.4 Mg ha-1 for plant cane and in 14.6 Mg ha-1 for the average of four ratoon crops, whereas maintenance fertilization increased yield in 17.7 and 8.1 Mg ha-1 for the average of four ratoon crops for the treatments without and with corrective fertilization, respectively. In the second experiment, there were no significant differences between treatments regarding yield. Corrective and maintenance phosphorus fertilization should be considered for sugarcane in areas where soil phosphorus availability is limiting.

scholarly journals Drought and rewetting events enhance nitrate leaching and seepage-mediated translocation of microbes from beech forest soils

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Krüger ◽  
Karin Potthast ◽  
Beate Michalzik ◽  
Alexander Tischer ◽  
Kirsten Küsel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soils ◽  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Beech Forest ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Litter Layer ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Potential Nitrification

AbstractNitrification in forest soils is often associated with increased leaching of nitrate to deeper soil layers with potential impacts on groundwater resources, further enhanced under scenarios of anthropogenic atmospheric nitrogen deposition and predicted weather extremes. We aimed to disentangle the relationships between soil nitrification potential, seepage-mediated nitrate leaching and the vertical translocation of nitrifiers in soils of a temperate mixed beech forest in central Germany before, during and after the severe summer drought 2018. Leaching of nitrate assessed below the litter layer and in 4, 16 and 30 cm soil depth showed high temporal and vertical variation with maxima at 16 and 30 cm during and after the drought period. Maximum of soil potential nitrification activity of 4.4 mg N kg-1 d-1 only partially coincided with maximum nitrate leaching of 10.5 kg N ha-2. Both ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) were subject to translocation by seepage, and AOB decreased at least by half and AOA increased by one to three orders of magnitude in their abundance in seepage with increasing soil depth. On the level of the total bacterial population, an increasing trend with depth was also observed for Cand. Patescibacteria while Bacteroidetes were strongly mobilized from the litter layer but poorly transported further down. Despite stable population densities in soil over time, abundances of AOA, AOB and total bacteria in seepage increased by one order of magnitude after the onset of autumn rewetting. Predicted future higher frequency of drought periods in temperate regions may result in more frequent seepage-mediated seasonal flushes of nitrate and bacteria from forest soils. Moreover, the observed translocation patterns point to taxon-specific differences in the susceptibility to mobilization, suggesting that only selected topsoil derived microbial groups are likely to affect subsoil or groundwater microbial communities and their functional potential.

scholarly journals Long-term excessive phosphorus fertilization alters soil phosphorus fractions in the acidic soil of pomelo orchards

2022 ◽  
Vol 215 ◽  
pp. 105214
Author(s):  
Xiaohui Chen ◽  
Xiaojun Yan ◽  
Mingkuang Wang ◽  
Yuanyang Cai ◽  
Xuefan Weng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Fractions ◽  
Acidic Soil ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Soil Phosphorus Fractions

THE INFLUENCE OF VARIETY, SOIL TEMPERATURE, AND PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZER ON YIELD AND PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE BY ALFALFA

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Levesque ◽  
J. W. Ketcheson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Phosphorus Application

Du Puits and Ladak varieties of alfalfa were grown for 10 weeks in the greenhouse on soil-sand media controlled at temperatures of 10°, 18°, and 26 °C. P32-tagged superphosphate was applied at rates of 10 and 80 p.p.m. phosphorus, respectively. Dry matter yields and phosphorus content of the tissue was determined at the end of the growth period. Increasing soil temperature from 10° to 26 °C. caused corresponding increases in total phosphorus uptake as a result of an increase in dry matter yields as well as an increase in the percentage of phosphorus in the plant tissue. Ladak exhibited the higher yield potential although Du Puits was less affected by low soil temperature conditions and appeared capable of making better use of soil phosphorus. With the higher phosphorus application, the root-top ratio for Du Puits was greater than that for Ladak, and the maximum value for this ratio occurred at 18 °C. for each variety. P32 activity measured in the tissue indicated that soil temperature was critical in terms of phosphorus fertilization in the 4- and 6-week stages of growth.

scholarly journals Variations in chemical and physical properties of Amazon forest soils in relation to their genesis

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1515-1541 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Quesada ◽  
J. Lloyd ◽  
M. Schwarz ◽  
S. Patiño ◽  
T. R. Baker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Nutrient Pools ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Andean Cordillera ◽  
Weathered Soils ◽  
Soil Physical Quality

Abstract. Soil samples were collected in six South American countries in a total of 71 different 1 ha forest plots across the Amazon Basin as part of the RAINFOR project. They were analysed for total and exchangeable cations, C, N, pH with various P fractions also determined. Physical properties were also examined and an index of soil physical quality proposed. A diverse range of soils was found. For the western areas near the Andean cordillera and the southern and northern fringes, soils tend to be distributed among the lower pedogenetic levels, while the central and eastern areas of Amazonia have more intensely weathered soils. This gives rise to a large variation of soil chemical and physical properties across the Basin, with soil properties varying predictably along a gradient of pedogenic development. Nutrient pools generally increased slightly in concentration from the youngest to the intermediate aged soils after which a gradual decline was observed with the lowest values found in the most weathered soils. Soil physical properties were strongly correlated with soil fertility, with favourable physical properties occurring in highly weathered and nutrient depleted soils and with the least weathered, more fertile soils having higher incidence of limiting physical properties. Soil phosphorus concentrations varied markedly in accordance with weathering extent and appear to exert an important influence on the nitrogen cycle of Amazon forest soils.

CHARACTERIZATION OF MODEL AND SOIL ORGANIC MATTER METAL-PHOSPHATE COMPLEXES

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lévesque
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Fulvic Acid ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Chelating Resin ◽  
Alkaline Media ◽  
Phosphorus Compounds ◽  
Metal Phosphate ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Soil Extracts

Fulvic acid–metal–phosphate complexes prepared in the laboratory and corresponding complexes extracted (0.1 N NaOH and chelating resin) from a soil were characterized by means of electrophoresis, Sephadex gel filtration, and methods for differentiation of organic and inorganic phosphorus. The findings can be summarized as follows:(1) The prepared material in aqueous solution (after purification by dialysis) comprised three different entities: a fulvic acid–metal–phosphate complex, a fulvic acid–metal complex, and unbonded inorganic phosphate. These entities were reaction products obtained during the formation of fulvic acid–metal–phosphate complexes.(2) Upon hydrolysis in mild alkaline media, the metal–phosphate bonds of the fulvic acid–metal–phosphate complexes were broken; the fulvic acid–metal complexes, freed from the phosphate, remained intact.(3) While metal ions were necessary for bridging phosphorus and fulvic acid, phosphorus in turn may have bridged the fulvic acid–metal units.(4) Significant amounts of complexed inorganic phosphorus were found intermixed with organic phosphorus compounds in soil extracts; this suggested the existence of organic matter metal–phosphate complexes in soil.

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