Onion response to ammoniated peat and ammonium sulfate in relation to ammonium toxicity

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Abbès ◽  
L. E. Parent ◽  
A. Karam ◽  
D. Isfan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nutrient Balance ◽  
Ammonium Toxicity ◽  
Water Influx ◽  
Root Growth Rate

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of intermediate to high rates of granulated mineral or organo-mineral fertilizers on onion N uptake, nutrient balance, root growth and water influx. Ammonium sources were ammoniated peat (AP), ammonium sulfate (AS) and peat treated with ammonium sulfate (PAS). Onion was grown for 84 d in four soils at five N levels under growth-chamber conditions. Root length, N uptake, and root growth rate were influenced significantly by soil type, N source and N rate and were highest with 133 and 266 mg N kg−1 on loamy soils. On a sandy soil, maximum N uptake was obtained with 133 mg N kg−1. Water influx was influenced significantly by soil type and N application rate and reached its maximum value with 133 mg N kg−1. AP produced the greatest N uptake, root length and root growth rate. Except in the sandy soil, the highest water uptake was also obtained with AP. Compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) indicated that plants fertilized with AP achieved a more adequate nutrient balance (or the lowest d value) over a larger range of N rates (133–266 mg N kg−1) than AS and PAS. AP, thus, attenuated ammonium toxicity to the crop more than AS and PAS. At AP rates exceeding 266 mg N kg−1, CND indicated a nutrient imbalance involving P or K deficiency. Key words:Allium cepa L., ammoniated peat, compositional nutrient diagnosis, root growth, water influx

scholarly journals Assessment of Nitrogen Uptake Capacity in Mature Alternate-bearing Pistachio (Pistacia vera) Trees

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 774B-774
Author(s):  
Richard C. Rosecrance ◽  
Steve A. Weinbaum ◽  
Patrick H. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Boron Uptake ◽  
Root Growth Rate ◽  
Pistachio Trees

The interrelationships between crop load, root growth, and nutrient uptake in mature, pistachio trees were examined in this study. Nutrient uptake was determined during the spring, summer, and fall using labeled nitrogen (15N) and boron (10B) and by differences in whole-tree accumulation between tree harvests for other nutrients (e.g., P, K, Ca, Zn). Nitrogen and boron uptake were double in fruiting compared with nonfruiting trees in the spring. Most of the labeled N was found in the developing fruits and leaves. Total labeled N recovery during the spring flush period, however, was low, indicating that much of the N in the fruit came from N reserves from within the tree rather than uptake from the soil. In contrast, significant amounts of N were taken up from the soil during the summer uptake period. Thus, our data support the hypothesis that sink demand (i.e., fruit development) conditions N uptake in pistachio. The relationship between root growth and N uptake was also examined in this study. Root observation chambers were constructed, and root growth determined by tracing roots growing up against the glass windows. Root length, root growth rate, relative root growth rate, and total tree fine root weight were all greater in nonfruiting compared to fruiting trees during the fruit development period (late May to mid-July). Surprisingly, fruiting trees had less root growth, but greater N uptake than nonfruiting trees during this period. This evidence suggests that N uptake is decoupled from root growth in mature pistachio trees.

scholarly journals Response of Bromus valdivianus (Pasture Brome) Growth and Physiology to Defoliation Frequency Based on Leaf Stage Development

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2058
Author(s):  
Iván P. Ordóñez ◽  
Ignacio F. López ◽  
Peter D. Kemp ◽  
Daniel J. Donaghy ◽  
Yongmei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Stage Development ◽  
Defoliation Frequency ◽  
Root Growth Rate

The increase in drought events due to climate change have enhanced the relevance of species with greater tolerance or avoidance traits to water restriction periods, such as Bromus valdivianus Phil. (B. valdivianus). In southern Chile, B. valdivianus and Lolium perenne L. (L. perenne) coexist; however, the pasture defoliation criterion is based on the physiological growth and development of L. perenne. It is hypothesised that B. valdivianus needs a lower defoliation frequency than L. perenne to enhance its regrowth and energy reserves. Defoliation frequencies tested were based on B. valdivianus leaf stage 2 (LS-2), leaf stage 3 (LS-3), leaf stage 4 (LS-4) and leaf stage 5 (LS-5). The leaf stage development of Lolium perenne was monitored and contrasted with that of B. valdivianus. The study was conducted in a glasshouse and used a randomised complete block design. For Bromus valdivianus, the lamina length, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, tiller number per plant, leaf area, leaf weights, root growth rate, water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) and starch were evaluated. Bromus valdivianus maintained six live leaves with three leaves growing simultaneously. When an individual tiller started developing its seventh leaf, senescence began for the second leaf (the first relevant leaf for photosynthesis). Plant herbage mass, the root growth rate and tiller growth were maximised at LS-4 onwards. The highest leaf elongation rate, evaluated through the slope of the lamina elongation curve of a fully expanded leaf, was verified at LS-4. The water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) increased at LS-5; however, no statistical differences were found in LS-4. The LS-3 and LS-2 treatments showed a detrimental effect on WSCs and regrowth. The leaf photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance diminished while the leaf age increased. In conclusion, B. valdivianus is a ‘six-leaf’ species with leaf senescence beginning at LS-4.25. Defoliation at LS-4 and LS-5 was optimum for plant regrowth, maximising the aboveground plant parameters and total WSC accumulation. The LS-4 for B. valdivianus was equivalent to LS-3.5 for L. perenne. No differences related to tiller population in B. valdivianus were found in the different defoliation frequencies.

scholarly journals Root Morphology of Eight Hybrid Oil Palms Under Iron (Fe) Toxicity

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 013
Author(s):  
Aprilia Ike Nurmalasari ◽  
Eka Tarwaca Susila Putra ◽  
Prapto Yudono
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Oil Palms ◽  
Fe Toxicity ◽  
Root Growth Rate

The research aims to study the change of morphology root characters of eight hybrid oil palms under iron toxicity (Fe). Field experiment done in arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) two factors and three blocks as replications. The first factor was Fe concentration. It consists of two levels which are concentration 0µ.g-1 and concentration 600 µg.g-1 Fe. The second factor is the hybrid of oil palms which consists of eight hybrid oil palms as Yangambi, Avros, Langkat, PPKS 239, Simalungun, PPKS 718, PPKS 540 and Dumpy. Fe was applied by pouring FeSO4 solvent for 600 µg.g-1 500 ml.-1plant.-1day-1 on two months of plants after transplanting in the main nursery. Data were collected on root morphology and plant dry weight The data were analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 5% significanly, followed by Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT). The relationships by among variables were determined by correlation analysis. The results showed that Fe concentration 600 µg.g-1 inhibits relatively root growth rate, narrows surface area, reduces the diameter, and shrinks root volume of all hybrid oil palms tested. The slowing relatively root growth rate, narrowing of root surface area and root diameter also root volume shrinkage due to Fe stress. It was also shown that the dry weight of plants was inhibit by existing of Fe toxicity.

Statistical analysis of root growth rate determinations

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Cox ◽  
Henry T. Davis ◽  
Morton W. Miller ◽  
Dominique Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Growth Rate

Dependence of Root Growth Rate on Holoploid DNA Content

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 257-260
Author(s):  
N. V. Zhukovskaya ◽  
E. I. Bystrova ◽  
N. F. Lunkova ◽  
V. B. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Root Growth Rate

Root Growth Rate of Soybean as Affected by Drought Stress 1

1987 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerrit Hoogenboom ◽  
M. G. Huck ◽  
Curt M. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Growth Rate

Maturation of the tracheary elements in the roots of Pinus banksiana and Eucalyptus grandis

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (7) ◽  
pp. 844-849
Author(s):  
J H Taylor ◽  
C A Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Tracheary Element ◽  
Reliable Indicator ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Tracheary Elements ◽  
Fluorescent Tracer ◽  
Root Growth Rate

Tracheary elements of the xylem are responsible for the longitudinal (axial) transport of water and ions that have moved radially across the root. These vessel members and (or) tracheids mature some distance behind the root tip, and it is generally believed that this distance is directly related to root growth rate. To test this idea, the distances behind the root tip at which tracheary elements of pouch-grown Pinus banksiana Lamb. and Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden mature were examined. From each species, three root tip types (white, brown, and ectomycorrhizal short lateral) were assessed. Unlike previous studies of this topic, two methods of testing tracheary element maturity were employed concurrently. The first was anatomical and involved visualizing the deposition of lignin in the walls of the tracheids or vessel members. The second was functional and consisted of determining the capability of the tracheary elements to conduct a fluorescent, tracer dye. The distance behind the root tip at which the conductive xylem cells mature varied from 0.16 to 1.6 mm and was highly dependent on species and root type. No significant correlation was found between growth rate and proximity of tracheary element maturation to the tip for white roots. The presence of lignin in the tracheary element wall was not a reliable indicator of the cell's functional maturity.Key words: conductivity, development, roots, tracheary elements, xylem.

scholarly journals Clonal Variation in Lateral and Basal Rooting of Populus Irrigated with Landfill Leachate

2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Zalesny ◽  
J. A. Zalesny
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Clonal Selection ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Adventitious Rooting ◽  
Clonal Variation ◽  
Basal Roots ◽  
Root Growth Rate ◽  
Root Types

AbstractSuccessful establishment and productivity ofPopulusdepends upon adventitious rooting from: 1)lateral rootsthat develop from either preformed or induced primordia and 2)basal rootsthat differentiate from callus at the base of the cutting in response to wounding. Information is needed for phytotechnologies about the degree to whichPopulusadventitious rooting is controlled by effects of individual genotypes, waste waters used as alternative fertigation sources, and their interactions. Our objective was to irrigate twelvePopulusclones with well water (control) or municipal solid waste landfill leachate and to test for differences between initiation of lateral versus basal roots, as well as root growth rate and distributional trends for both root types. We evaluated number and length of lateral roots initiated from upper, middle, and lower thirds of the cutting, as well as basal callus roots. Overall, leachate irrigation affected lateral roots but not basal roots, and there was broad clonal variation between and within root types. On average, there were 129% more lateral than basal roots, which ranged from 3 to 27 (lateral) and 2 to 10 roots (basal). The percent advantage of number of roots from the middle portion of the cutting relative to other sections was 120% (upper), 193% (lower), and 24% (basal). Clones, treatments, and their interaction did not affect root growth rate, which ranged from 1.5 ± 0.6 to 3.4 ± 0.3 cm d−1, with a mean of 2.3 ± 0.2 cm d−1. These results contribute baseline information for clonal selection needed to establishPopulusfor phytotechnologies, energy, and fiber.

scholarly journals Cytogenetical Studies on Root Growth Rate in Alloplasmic Rye

Caryologia ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Pérez De La Vega
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Growth Rate
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