Response of two Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) varieties to herbicides

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 625-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Zand ◽  
H. J. Beckie ◽  
C. D. Myhre ◽  
H. A. Loeppky
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Canada Thistle

Field observations suggested that control of Canada thistle variety horridumby hexazinone was greater than that of variety integrifolium. To confirm these observations, the response of these two varieties to hexazinone and 13 other herbicides was examined under controlled environment conditions. The tolerance of the variety integrifoliumto hexazinone was 40% greater compared with the variety horridum. Differences in shoot growth response between the two varieties were not detected from any of the other herbicides. Key words: Canada thistle, Cirsium arvense, variety horridum, variety integrifolium, hexazinone

Chlorsulfuron Effects on Shoot Growth and Root Buds of Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Soil Treatment ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Sorbitan Monooleate ◽  
Potted Plants ◽  
Foliar Treatment ◽  
Secondary Shoot ◽  
Root Buds

The effect of 67 g ai/ha chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} on Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. ♯ CIRAR] root bud growth was examined in a series of greenhouse trials in which potted plants were treated with foliar sprays. Injury to root buds was assayed by determining their ability to form secondary shoots. Added surfactant, 0.2% (v/v) oxysorbic [oxysorbic (20 POE) polyethylene sorbitan monooleate], did not enhance chlorsulfuron-induced inhibition of parent shoot growth, but it increased root bud injury from foliarly applied chlorsulfuron. Cuttings taken from controls formed more secondary shoots than did chlorsulfuron-treated plants 2 weeks following spraying. However, root fresh weight and final secondary shoot growth from cut roots were unchanged 3 weeks after chlorsulfuron treatment compared to the time of spraying. Foliar treatment or a combination of foliar and soil treatment inhibited root fresh weight accumulation and secondary shoot growth equally 1 month following treatment relative to harvest controls. Soil treatment alone did not reduce either root fresh weight gains or secondary shoot outgrowth from root buds. Foliar treatment of vegetative Canada thistle with chlorsulfuron inhibited subsequent secondary shoot outgrowth from root buds more than did treatment at flowering.

Combination Effects of Low Rates of Fluridone and Bentazon

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-170
Author(s):  
J. P. Sterrett
Keyword(s):  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Combination Effects ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Environment Chamber

The response of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL. #3CYPES) and Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. # CIRAR] to combinations of low rates of fluridone {1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4(1H)-pyridinone} and bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,l,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] was determined in a controlled environment chamber and on Canada thistle in the field. In the growth chamber, injury to yellow nutsedge was increased with 24 g ai/ha fluridone combined with 323 g ai/ha bentazon. Either 2.7 or 5.4 g/ha fluridone combined with 27 g/ha bentazon caused uniform injury to Canada thistle. In the field, the combinations of 5.6 g/ha fluridone with either 28 or 2800 g/ha bentazon was phytotoxic to Canada thistle.

Centrifuge modelling of ice and brittle materials

1991 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 896-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Crack Length ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Material Property ◽  
Brittle Materials ◽  
Scale Factor ◽  
The Other ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Linear Scale ◽  
Centrifuge Modelling ◽  
Scaling Rule

Centrifuge modelling of a system that deforms by repeated fracture is analysed. If the governing crack length during repeated fracture is a material property, classical centrifuge modelling continues to apply. If, on the other hand, the cracks and ice fragments scale with the system as a whole, a different scaling rule follows: the acceleration imposed in the centrifuge should be the 3/2 power of the linear scale factor. Though at first sight surprising, this rule is consistent with field observations. Key words: ice, centrifuge modelling, fracture.

Effect of Soil-Applied Chlorsulfuron on Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Root and Root Bud Growth

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Root Buds

Chlorsulfuron [2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide], applied at 9 to 560 g ai/ha to the soil surface, stopped shoot elongation of well established Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. #4CIRAR] plants in the greenhouse. Root fresh weight decreased progressively as chlorsulfuron rate was increased when measured 1 month after treatment. In contrast, the number of visible root buds plus secondary shoots increased 1.9- to 2.3-fold between 9 and 67 g/ha chlorsulfuron 1 month after soil surface treatment. Despite more numerous root buds, the number of secondary shoots arising from adventitious root buds progressively decreased as chlorsulfuron rate was raised. Increases in the number of visible root buds were observed first between 3 and 4 weeks following soil application with 67 g/ha of chlorsulfuron, 2 weeks after shoot growth stopped.

Effect of Bud vs Rosette Growth Stage on Translocation of14C-Glyphosate in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Apical Portion ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Shoot Tissue ◽  
Basal Portion

The effect of photoperiod and growth stage on translocation of14C-glyphosate was compared in Canada thistle plants at the bud and rosette stage of growth. Canada thistle plants grown under controlled environment conditions with a 10 h photoperiod remained as low growing rosettes and developed a mature root system. When the photoperiod for half of these plants was increased to 16 h, stem elongation occurred and flowering was initiated. Growth stage at the time of application affected the distribution of14C-glyphosate within the elongated shoot and between the shoot and root. The shoot tissue of the bud stage plants contained 25.9% of the14C-glyphosate recovered, while the rosette plants contained only 3.6%; a seven-fold difference.14C-glyphosate was applied to leaves 19 and 20, which corresponded to the mid-point of the elongated stem of the bud-stage plants. In the bud-stage plants,14C-glyphosate moved preferentially into the apical portion of the stem, with three to four times as much in the apical portion of the elongated stem as in the basal portion. In the roots, the effect of growth stage on distribution of14C-glyphosate was reversed, application at the rosette stage resulted in a four-fold increase in the amount of14C-glyphosate in the root. When applied in the rosette stage, 19.1% of the14C-glyphosate detected was in the root compared to only 4.9% when applied at the bud stage. Although the root of the rosette plants was larger than in bud-stage plants, the concentration of14C-glyphosate in the root tissue of the rosette plants was three times greater. Photoperiod indirectly affected the distribution of14C-glyphosate in Canada thistle by its effect on growth.

Comparison of time and depth of last tillage on the growth of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) in summerfallow and its response to glyphosate

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 867-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Darwent ◽  
L. Townley-Smith ◽  
L. P. Lefkovitch
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Consistent Effect

Field studies were conducted in summerfallow in 1990 and 1991 at Bezanson, Alberta (lat. 55°14′N, long. 118°22′W), and Melfort, Saskatchewan (lat. 52°52′N, long. 104°36′W), to compare the development of Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] shoots following the discontinuance of normal tillage at three times (19 July, 30–31 July and 9–12 Aug.), at three depths (0, 10 and 20 cm), and its response to glyphosate applied at 0.9 kg ha−1 40 d after the last tillage (DALT). The tillage treatments had no consistent effect on shoot density when measured at 40 DALT at either location. At Bezanson, small increases (< 5%) in shoot density occurred between 20 and 40 DALT where tillage was conducted at the shallowest depth, but increases of approximately 20–90% occurred during the same period following tillage at the 10 or 20-cm depth. The proportion of emerged shoots remaining as rosettes at 40 DALT increased as the time of discontinuing tillage was delayed. At Bezanson, the proportion of emerged shoots remaining as rosettes at 40 DALT increased from 0.17 ± 0.05 to 0.59 ± 0.02 when the time of discontinuing tillage was delayed from mid-July to early August, while at Melfort an increase from 0.47 ± 0.04 to 0.93 ± 0.02 occurred for a similar delay in time of discontinuing tillage. Increasing the depth of last tillage increased the proportion of emerged shoots remaining as rosettes at 40 DALT at Bezanson, but at Melfort the depth of last tillage had no effect on this proportion. The proportion of shoots remaining as rosettes declined between 20 and 40 DALT when measured at Bezanson. Factors causing an increase in the proportion of shoots remaining as rosettes appeared to be associated with exposure of emerged shoots to reduced daylengths. At both Bezanson and Melfort, shoot density measured 1 yr after tillage–glyphosate treatments was similar in all plots. Thus, the proportion of shoots remaining as rosettes at the time of glyphosate application did not appear to influence the response of Canada thistle to the herbicide. Key words: Integrated weed control, daylength, rosette, perennial-weed control

Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Propagation from Stem Sections

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 637-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark U. Magnusson ◽  
Donald L. Wyse ◽  
Joseph M. Spitzmueller
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Aerial Stem ◽  
Vegetative Bud

Field experiments were conducted to determine whether aerial and subterranean stem sections taken from Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. # CIRAR] plants in four stages of development (spring-vegetative, bud, postbloom, and fall-vegetative) could survive and produce infestations the following year. Partially buried aerial stem sections from all stages of development had greater survival 28 days after planting than completely buried aerial stem sections. Few completely buried aerial stem sections survived. Partially or completely buried subterranean stem sections from Canada thistle at the postbloom stage had the highest survival rate. Few partially or completely buried subterranean stem sections from the other three growth stages survived. Surviving stem sections from spring-vegetative, bud, and postbloom stages of Canada thistle produced adventitious roots that overwintered and produced new infestations the following spring. Surviving stem sections from Canada thistle at the fall-vegetative stage did not develop an adequate root system for winter survival.

Translocation of14C-Glyphosate and14CO2-Labeled Photoassimilates in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray S. McAllister ◽  
Lloyd C. Haderlie
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Shoot Tissue ◽  
Treated Leaf

Translocation of14CO2-labeled photoassimilates was compared to movement of14C-glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] in Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. ♯ CIRAR] under field and controlled-environment conditions. Field-grown Canada thistle plants were treated on mature upper leaves at the midflower stage in mid-June and harvested 8 days later. No differences were found in glyphosate and assimilate distribution, and movement was primarily basipetal. Of the glyphosate and photoassimilates translocated from the treated leaves, 25 and 31%, respectively, were recovered from the roots, while 59 and 58%, respectively, were found in the shoot tissue below the treated leaf. Concentration of labeled glyphosate in the roots as much as 95 cm from the treated shoot was as high as at the base of the treated shoot. Photoperiods that induce flowering (15 h) or maintain vegetative growth (13 h) did not differentially affect the distribution of photoassimilates or glyphosate in 7-week-old Canada thistle plants in the growth chamber. In growth chamber-grown plants equivalent amounts of glyphosate and assimilates were translocated out of treated leaves; however, relatively more glyphosate than photoassimilates accumulated in the roots.

Herbicidal Activity and Metabolism of Dyrene in Canada Thistle

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 389-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. Marriage
Keyword(s):  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Severely Injured ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Related Compounds ◽  
Leaf Disks

The fungicide, Dyrene [2,4-dichloro-6-(o-chloroanilino)-s-triazine], severely injured var.miteof Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.]; and the damage resembled that caused by bipyridylium herbicides. Regrowth from treated plants was abnormal. Other arylamino-s-triazines were from slightly to severely phytotoxic to leaf sections of the var.mite.The var.horridumof Canada thistle was not affected by Dyrene or related compounds. Dyrene and metabolites of Dyrene which were phytotoxic to var.miteleaf disks in bioassay tests were isolated from treated var.miteandhorridumplants, but none of these compounds injured the var.horridum.One metabolite was found only in the var.mite; the other five occurred in both varieties. The metabolites were apparently formed from Dyrene by conjugation reactions.

Effects of picloram on growth and on chlorophyll, RNA, and protein content of plants

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 2039-2044 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Sharma ◽  
W. H. Vanden Born
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Glycine Max L

Foliar application of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) markedly inhibited the growth of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr., cv. Harosoy 63) and Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.). The rates of picloram which caused death of soybean (0.14 kg/hectare) and Canada thistle (0.56 kg/hectare) in 2 weeks caused no marked injury symptoms to barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Parkland). ED50 values of picloram (doses required to reduce growth by half) were 16.1 g/hectare for soybean, 18.2 g/hectare for Canada thistle, and 3.64 kg/hectare for barley.Picloram (250 mg/liter, about 0.30 kg/hectare), both 1 and 3 days after treatment, markedly reduced the chlorophyll content of soybean and Canada thistle plants. RNA (ribonucleic acid) and protein contents of such picloram-treated plants, on the other hand, were increased up to 30% over controls. In barley, picloram had very little effect on chlorophyll, RNA, and protein content.

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