Translocation of14C-Glyphosate and14CO2-Labeled Photoassimilates in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray S. McAllister ◽  
Lloyd C. Haderlie
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Shoot Tissue ◽  
Treated Leaf

Translocation of14CO2-labeled photoassimilates was compared to movement of14C-glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] in Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. ♯ CIRAR] under field and controlled-environment conditions. Field-grown Canada thistle plants were treated on mature upper leaves at the midflower stage in mid-June and harvested 8 days later. No differences were found in glyphosate and assimilate distribution, and movement was primarily basipetal. Of the glyphosate and photoassimilates translocated from the treated leaves, 25 and 31%, respectively, were recovered from the roots, while 59 and 58%, respectively, were found in the shoot tissue below the treated leaf. Concentration of labeled glyphosate in the roots as much as 95 cm from the treated shoot was as high as at the base of the treated shoot. Photoperiods that induce flowering (15 h) or maintain vegetative growth (13 h) did not differentially affect the distribution of photoassimilates or glyphosate in 7-week-old Canada thistle plants in the growth chamber. In growth chamber-grown plants equivalent amounts of glyphosate and assimilates were translocated out of treated leaves; however, relatively more glyphosate than photoassimilates accumulated in the roots.

Combination Effects of Low Rates of Fluridone and Bentazon

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-170
Author(s):  
J. P. Sterrett
Keyword(s):  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Combination Effects ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Environment Chamber

The response of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL. #3CYPES) and Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. # CIRAR] to combinations of low rates of fluridone {1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4(1H)-pyridinone} and bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,l,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] was determined in a controlled environment chamber and on Canada thistle in the field. In the growth chamber, injury to yellow nutsedge was increased with 24 g ai/ha fluridone combined with 323 g ai/ha bentazon. Either 2.7 or 5.4 g/ha fluridone combined with 27 g/ha bentazon caused uniform injury to Canada thistle. In the field, the combinations of 5.6 g/ha fluridone with either 28 or 2800 g/ha bentazon was phytotoxic to Canada thistle.

Effect of Bud vs Rosette Growth Stage on Translocation of14C-Glyphosate in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Apical Portion ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Shoot Tissue ◽  
Basal Portion

The effect of photoperiod and growth stage on translocation of14C-glyphosate was compared in Canada thistle plants at the bud and rosette stage of growth. Canada thistle plants grown under controlled environment conditions with a 10 h photoperiod remained as low growing rosettes and developed a mature root system. When the photoperiod for half of these plants was increased to 16 h, stem elongation occurred and flowering was initiated. Growth stage at the time of application affected the distribution of14C-glyphosate within the elongated shoot and between the shoot and root. The shoot tissue of the bud stage plants contained 25.9% of the14C-glyphosate recovered, while the rosette plants contained only 3.6%; a seven-fold difference.14C-glyphosate was applied to leaves 19 and 20, which corresponded to the mid-point of the elongated stem of the bud-stage plants. In the bud-stage plants,14C-glyphosate moved preferentially into the apical portion of the stem, with three to four times as much in the apical portion of the elongated stem as in the basal portion. In the roots, the effect of growth stage on distribution of14C-glyphosate was reversed, application at the rosette stage resulted in a four-fold increase in the amount of14C-glyphosate in the root. When applied in the rosette stage, 19.1% of the14C-glyphosate detected was in the root compared to only 4.9% when applied at the bud stage. Although the root of the rosette plants was larger than in bud-stage plants, the concentration of14C-glyphosate in the root tissue of the rosette plants was three times greater. Photoperiod indirectly affected the distribution of14C-glyphosate in Canada thistle by its effect on growth.

Aminopyralid and Clopyralid Absorption and Translocation in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bekir Bukun ◽  
Todd A. Gaines ◽  
Scott J. Nissen ◽  
Philip Westra ◽  
Galen Brunk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Absorption Studies ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Aboveground Tissue

Aminopyralid is a new auxinic herbicide that provides Canada thistle control at lower use rates than clopyralid. Studies were conducted to determine if differences in absorption, translocation, or metabolism account for aminopyralid's greater biological activity. Radiolabeled aminopyralid and clopyralid were applied to individual leaves of rosette-stage Canada thistle plants. Nonionic surfactant was used for the absorption studies because it provided higher aminopyralid absorption than methylated seed oil or crop oil concentrate. Clopyralid was absorbed very rapidly, reaching 72% 24 h after treatment (HAT) and remaining near or above 80% during a 192-h time course. During the same time period, aminopyralid absorption increased from 34 to 60%. Clopyralid translocation out of the treated leaf was significantly higher than aminopyralid, 39% compared with 17%, respectively, 192 HAT. More of applied clopyralid translocated to aboveground tissue 192 HAT (27%) than to roots (12%), whereas aminopyralid translocation was similar in aboveground tissue (10%) and roots (7%) 192 HAT. Neither aminopyralid nor clopyralid was metabolized 192 HAT. Although aminopyralid is effective at lower use rates than clopyralid, clopyralid absorption and translocation were higher in Canada thistle. These results suggest that aminopyralid's chemical structure may provide for greater biological activity at the target site than clopyralid.

Developmental and Environmental Effects on Assimilate Partitioning in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Tworkoski
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Assimilate Partitioning ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Flower Bud

Under field conditions, more photoassimilate moved to roots of Canada thistle at the bolt than at the bud, flower, or postflower stages. Similarly, greater photoassimilate accumulated in roots of Canada thistle in the greenhouse at the rosette and bolt than at the flower bud stage. Growth chamber experiments indicated that environmental conditions typical of fall, and possibly early spring, favored photoassimilate movement to the root and superseded growth stage control of assimilate partitioning. Allocation of assimilate within the root was strongly influenced by growth stage, with most assimilate being utilized for growth at the rosette stage and for fructan reserves in bolt and flower bud stages.

Response of two Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) varieties to herbicides

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 625-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Zand ◽  
H. J. Beckie ◽  
C. D. Myhre ◽  
H. A. Loeppky
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Canada Thistle

Field observations suggested that control of Canada thistle variety horridumby hexazinone was greater than that of variety integrifolium. To confirm these observations, the response of these two varieties to hexazinone and 13 other herbicides was examined under controlled environment conditions. The tolerance of the variety integrifoliumto hexazinone was 40% greater compared with the variety horridum. Differences in shoot growth response between the two varieties were not detected from any of the other herbicides. Key words: Canada thistle, Cirsium arvense, variety horridum, variety integrifolium, hexazinone

Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of14C-Chlorsulfuron in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil J. Petersen ◽  
Beth A. Swisher
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Foliar Treatment ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Polar Product ◽  
Primary Injury

Absorption of14C-chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonanide} by Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. # CIRAR] was 39% following foliar treatment and 16% when added to a nutrient solution in which the plants were growing. Translocation from the treated organ was limited regardless of treatment method; 10% of the applied14C moved out of the treated leaf and 10% moved from the roots to other parts of the plant following absorption from the nutrient solution. When applied as a foliar treatment,14C-chlorsulfuron had not been metabolized by Canada thistle 48 h later. However, when14C-chlorsulfuron was added to the nutrient solution and absorbed by the roots, nearly 25% of the14C in the plants was present as a polar product(s), 13% had an Rf value identical to benzenesulfonamide standards, and the remaining 62% was chlorsulfuron. Chlorsulfuron was not transformed similarly in a nutrient solution after 6 days in the absence of plants. Suppression of regrowth was the primary injury symptom observed following chlorsulfuron application. Chlorsulfuron also reduced whole plant weight and root bud number and weight.

Translocation of Clopyralid and 2,4-D in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Turnbull ◽  
G. R. Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Root Exudation ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Rate Of Absorption ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations ◽  
Sampling Times

The translocation and root exudation of leaf-applied sublethal concentrations of14C-labeled clopyralid (3,6-dichloropicolinic acid) and14C-labeled 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] were compared in Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. var.horridumWimm. and Grab. ♯ CIRAR] at the rosette stage over a period of 9 days. The rate of absorption and export of14C out of the treated leaf was similar for both herbicides. However, the distribution of the herbicides throughout the plant was very different. After 9 days, 15 vs. 3% of the applied14C from14C-clopyralid vs.14C-2,4-D, respectively, was isolated from the foliage of the treated leaf. In the roots, twice as much14C was recovered from the14C-clopyralid treatments as from the14C-2,4-D treatment at all sampling times, with 33 vs. 15% being recovered, respectively, after 9 days. When the plants were grown hydroponically, 20% of the14C-clopyralid vs. 48% of the14C-2,4-D was recovered in the nutrient solution during a 9-day period. No metabolites of either herbicide were recovered from the foliage, root system, or nutrient solution. Large differences in translocation of these herbicides may account for the unequal toxicity to young Canada thistle plants.

Absorption and Translocation of Aminocyclopyrachlor and Aminocyclopyrachlor-Methyl Ester in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bekir Bukun ◽  
R. Bradley Lindenmayer ◽  
Scott J. Nissen ◽  
Philip Westra ◽  
Dale L. Shaner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Free Acid ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Translocation Experiments ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate

Laboratory studies were conducted using14C-aminocyclopyrachlor (DPX-MAT28) and its14C-methyl ester formulation (DPX-KJM44) to (1) determine the adjuvants' effects on absorption, (2) compare the absorption and translocation of aminocyclopyrachlor free acid with the methyl ester, and (3) determine the rate at which aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl ester is metabolized to the free acid in Canada thistle. Canada thistle plants were grown from root cuttings and treated in the rosette growth stage. The effect of different adjuvants on absorption was determined by treating individual leaves with formulated herbicide plus14C-herbicide alone or with methylated seed oil (MSO), crop oil concentrate, or nonionic surfactant with and without urea ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate. Plants were harvested 96 h after treatment (HAT). For absorption and translocation experiments, plants were oversprayed with aminocyclopyrachlor or its methyl ester at a rate of 0.14 kg ae ha−1in combination with 1% MSO. Formulated herbicide plus14C-herbicide was then applied to a protected leaf, and plants were harvested 24 to 192 HAT. Plants were harvested and radioactivity was determined in the treated leaf and in aboveground and belowground tissues. Metabolism of aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl ester to the free acid was determined 2, 6, and 24 HAT. All aboveground biomass was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography to establish the ratio of methyl ester to free acid. MSO applied with either herbicide formulation resulted in the highest absorption compared with no surfactant. Significantly greater aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl ester was absorbed, compared with the free acid, which was reflected in the greater aboveground translocation for the methyl ester. Both formulations had similar amounts of translocation to the roots, with 8.6% (SE ± 3.3) for the methyl ester compared with 6.2% (SE ± 2.5) for the free acid. Approximately 80% of the methyl ester was converted to the free acid at 6 HAT. Based on this conversion rate, aminocyclopyrachlor translocated as the free acid in Canada thistle.

Translocation of Dicamba in Canada Thistle

Weed Science ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Y. Chang ◽  
W. H. Vanden Born
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Application ◽  
Root Uptake ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Substantial Portion ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Source To Sink ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Surrounding Soil

The foliage and roots of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) readily absorbed 2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid (dicamba) after which it was translocated by both phloem and xylem. The results are in harmony with a source-to-sink system of dicamba translocation in the phloem. Following foliar application, small amounts of dicamba were exuded by the roots into surrounding soil. Dicamba tended to accumulate in young, growing leaves following both foliar or root uptake. Leaves, but not roots, retained a substantial portion of the dicamba taken up. After 54 days, 63.1% of the recovered radioactivity in the treated leaf was still in the form of unaltered dicamba. The remaining 36.9% was in the form of an unidentified product. In other plant parts, much less change occurred. During a 54-day period, one-fifth of the dicamba applied was recovered as radioactive CO2.

Puccinia punctiformisAffects Growth and Reproduction of Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 488-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary F. Thomas ◽  
Thomas J. Tworkoski ◽  
Richard C. French ◽  
Gerald R. Leather
Keyword(s):  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Puccinia Punctiformis ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

In growth chamber research, infection byPuccinia punctiformis, a rust fungus, reduced flowering and vegetative reproduction in Canada thistle. Disease symptoms were greatest when Canada thistle roots were stored at 5, 10, or 15 C following inoculation. Exposure of roots to different temperatures before inoculation did not affect disease. All Canada thistle clones tested, regardless of gender became diseased although there were differences in susceptibility toP. punctiformis.

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