Trichoplusia ni growth and preference on broccoli and eight common agricultural weeds

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer H. Cameron ◽  
Murray B. Isman ◽  
Mahesh K. Upadhyaya
Keyword(s):  
Trichoplusia Ni ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Leaf Disc ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Thlaspi Arvense ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Agricultural Weeds ◽  
Lamb’S Quarters ◽  
Common Groundsel

Larval growth and feeding, and adult ovipositional preference of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni Hübner, were investigated on broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica L.) and eight common agricultural weeds: cow cockle (Saponaria vaccaria L.), common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.), lamb’s-quarters (Chenopodium album L.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), sheep sorrel (Rumex acetosella L.), shepherd’s purse (Capsella bursapastoris L.), stinkweed (Thlaspi arvense L.), and wild mustard (Sinapsis arvensis L.). Leaves from greenhouse grown plants were removed and fed to 1st instar larvae in a 7-d growth trial. Broccoli-fed larvae grew larger than those fed on cow cockle, redroot pigweed, sheep sorrel, stinkweed, and wild mustard. Only one insect of 64 survived for 7 d on stinkweed. In a leaf disc choice bioassay, 4th instar larvae showed a significant feeding preference for common groundsel over broccoli. Broccoli was preferred for oviposition over three of the weeds (common groundsel, lamb’s-quarters, and shepherd’s purse). Stinkweed showed promise as a dead-end trap species for this insect in broccoli, since more insects oviposited on stinkweed compared with broccoli yet larval survival on stinkweed was almost nil. Key words: Trichoplusia ni, broccoli, Thlaspi arvense, oviposition, feeding deterrence

A COMPARISON OF MCP AND 2,4-D FOR THE CONTROL OF ANNUAL WEEDS IN GRAIN CROPS

1957 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Friesen ◽  
D. R. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Thlaspi Arvense ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lamb’S Quarters ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Oats, flax and barley were sprayed with various formulations of MCP (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid) and 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) at a number of Experimental Farms in Western Canada in 1954 and 1955. Each formulation was applied at 4 and 8 ounces of acid equivalent per acre at each of two dates, viz., Date 1, when the weeds were in the seedling stage less than 3 inches in height; and Date 2, at a stage coinciding with the first appearance of buds on the major weed species.Stinkweed (Thlaspi arvense, L.), wild mustard (Brassica kaber (DC.) L.C. Wheeler var. pinnatifida (Stokes) L.C. Wheeler), lamb's quarters (Chenopodium album L.), Russian pigweed (Axyris amarantoides L.), and ball mustard (Neslia paniculata L.), were effectively controlled by each of the MCP and 2,4-D formulations used. Russian thistle (Salsola kali L.), and red-root pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), were not satisfactorily controlled by MCP, whereas hemp nettle (Galeopsis tetrahit L.) was not controlled by 2,4-D. Wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L.) was not controlled by any of the treatments. Each treatment was more effective when applied during the seedling stage of the weeds.On the basis of wood control and yield of grain the results of this study favour the use of MCP over 2,4-D with either oats or flax. Oats was significantly more tolerant to MCP, particularly if treated during the early growth stages when weed competition was most critical. With flax, the difference in tolerance was most pronounced in favour of MCP at the later date of treatment. The 2,4-D ester and low volatile ester resulted in a preponderance of plant deformities, lowered the yields of both oats and flax and delayed the maturity of flax significantly. Barley yields in this study were not adversely affected by any of the treatments.

scholarly journals AMINO ACID AND PROXIMATE ANALYSES OF WEED SEEDS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
RUSSELL TKACHUK ◽  
V. JEAN MELLISH
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Thlaspi Arvense ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Acid Protein ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
Lamb’S Quarters ◽  
Amino Acid Balance

Weed seeds commonly found in Western Canadian cereals and oil seeds as dockage were examined for their amino acid, protein, oil and fiber contents. The weeds analyzed were Sinapis arvenis L.(wild mustard), Thlaspi arvense L. (stinkweed), Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb (flixweed), Polygonum convolvulus L. (wild buckwheat), Rumex pseudonatronatus L. (field dock), Avena fatua L. (wild oats), Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. (green foxtail), Iva xanthifolia Nutt. (false ragweed), Chenopodium album L. (lamb’s-quarters), and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (redroot pigweed). Composite analysis showed that some of the weed seeds are high in protein and oil content. Amino acid analysis showed that many weeds have an excellent essential amino acid balance, and also a higher content of essential amino acids than do the commonly grown cereals. These results suggest that some weed seeds could be excellent sources of protein and oil for feed or food purposes.

Floristic composition and relative abundance of weeds in annual crops of Manitoba

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 831-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Wild Buckwheat ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Lamb’S Quarters

Annual surveys for weeds of fields seeded to spring wheat, barley, oats, flax, and canola in Manitoba were conducted during 1978, 1979, and 1981. Fields were surveyed during July and early August each year using a stratified random sampling procedure. Data for the crops and years were combined for analysis. The frequency, the area infested, and the density of the infestation were determined for each species. These three measures of the abundance of the weed were combined into a single synthetic value called relative abundance. Nine of the 152 species recorded by the surveyors accounted for 77% of the total relative abundance. Ranked in order by relative abundance, these species were green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.), wild oats (Avena fatua L.), wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L.), annual smartweed (Polygonum spp.), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.), lamb's-quarters (Chenopodium album L.), wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.), perennial sow-thistle (Sonchus arvensis L.), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). Green foxtail was the predominant weed with an abundance value three times larger than wild oats or wild buckwheat. The pattern of dominance found in Manitoba fields was similar to results from comparable surveys in Saskatchewan and North Dakota. Key words: Relative abundance, weed survey, weed density, green foxtail, wild oats, wild buckwheat

Environment and Bromoxynil Phytotoxicity

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Grzegorz Skrzypczak
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Simulated Rain

Experiments in controlled-environment chambers indicated that high temperature, 30 C, increased the phytotoxicity of bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) to wild mustard (Sinapis arvensisL. # SINAR) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. # AMARE) compared to low temperature, 10 C, during and after treatment. Bromoxynil phytotoxicity generally was higher at relative humidities of 90 to 95% compared to 40 to 60%, but relative humidity had less influence on bromoxynil phytotoxicity than did temperature. A simulated rain immediately after bromoxynil treatment reduced control of both species, but the reduction was of no practical importance for wild mustard. The data indicate that wild mustard and redroot pigweed control would be reduced by bromoxynil application during a period of low temperatures or to plants in advanced growth stages.

Basis for Selectivity of Phenmedipham and Desmedipham on Wild Mustard, Redroot Pigweed, and Sugar Beet

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry W. Hendrick ◽  
William F. Meggitt ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Brassica Kaber ◽  
Site Of Absorption

The basis for selectivity of phenmedipham (methyl-m-hydroxycarbanilatem-methylcarbanilate) and desmedipham (ethylm-hydroxycarbanilate carbanilate) on wild mustard [Brassica kaber(DC.) L.C. Wheeler ‘pinnatifida’ (Stokes) L.C. Wheeler], redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), and sugar beet (Beta vulgarisL.) was studied by evaluating spray retention, absorption, translocation, and metabolism. Total photosynthesis in wild mustard was severely inhibited in less than 5 hr after foliar application of either herbicide and did not recover. Total photosynthesis in sugar beet was slightly inhibited but recovered after 24 hr. Photosynthesis in redroot pigweed recovered from a treatment of phenmedipham but did not recover when treated with desmedipham. Differences in spray retention or foliar absorption did not explain selectivity. Within 5 hr after herbicide application, redroot pigweed had translocated more desmedipham than phenmedipham from the site of absorption and had metabolized a large amount of the phenmedipham but little desmedipham. The key factor explaining selectivity appeared to be at the initial detoxication reaction of the parent compound.

Weed Control in Sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) with Desmedipham and Phenmedipham

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monte D. Anderson ◽  
W. Eugene Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Synergistic Interaction ◽  
Height Reduction ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Leaf Necrosis

Desmedipham [ethylm-hydroxycarbanilate carbanilate(ester)] controlled wild mustard (Sinapsis arvensisL. ♯3SINAR) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. ♯ AMARE) more effectively than phenmedipham (methylm-hydroxycarbanilatem-methylcarbanilate). A synergistic interaction occurred with all tank-mix combinations of the two herbicides for wild mustard control, except combinations containing 0.71 kg ai/ha of desmedipham. The magnitude of the synergism decreased as the rate of desmedipham was increased and increased as the rate of phenmedipham increased. Both herbicides caused injury symptoms of leaf necrosis and height reduction to sunflowers (Helianthus annuusL.). Crop injury and sunflower heights were affected more by desmedipham than by phenmedipham. Injury effects were temporary and had no influence on sunflower yields.

Rainfall Effects on Desmedipham and Phenmedipham Performance

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monte D. Anderson ◽  
W. Eugene Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Reduced Toxicity

The effect of rainfall on the performance of a tank mixture of desmedipham [ethylm-hydroxycarbanilate carbanilate(ester)] and phenmedipham (methylm-hydroxycarbanilatem-methylcarbanilate) applied postemergence to redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. ♯ AMARE), wild mustard (Sinapsis arvensisL. ♯ SINAR) and sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) was evaluated in field studies. The occurrence of 1 mm of rain immediately after herbicide application significantly decreased the control of redroot pigweed and wild mustard. A rainfall quantity of 1 mm also reduced injury symptoms on sunflower. Simulating a 12.7-mm rain less than 18 h after desmedipham and phenmedipham application effectively reduced toxicity to redroot pigweed and sunflower. Toxicity to these two species increased at a lesser rate than for wild mustard as the time interval prior to rain was increased. A rain-free period of 6 h was predicted for near-maximum control of wild mustard with these herbicides.

Eliminating soil disturbance reduces post-alfalfa summer annual weed populations

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 881-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Ominski ◽  
M. H. Entz
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Weed Ecology ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
No Till ◽  
Lamb’S Quarters ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Brassica Kaber

The influence of method (tillage vs. no-till) and time of year of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) termination on the population of naturally occurring weeds was assessed over three site-years in southern Manitoba. Termination method was found to be more important than timing. Populations of weeds such as green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.], redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), wild mustard [Brassica kaber (DC) L.C. Wheeler] and lamb’s quarters (Chenopodium album L.) were usually lower (P < 0.05) in the undisturbed (i.e., no-till) system, compared to where tillage was used. It was concluded that the combination of alfalfa in rotation and no-till management can provide significant weed control benefits to cropping systems. Key words: Weed ecology, no-till cropping, forages

scholarly journals Differential susceptibility of agricultural weeds to ultraviolet-B radiation

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 789-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. Furness ◽  
M. K. Upadhyaya
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Stellaria Media ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Lamb’S Quarters ◽  
Polygonum Persicaria

Differential morphological sensitivity of weed species to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation (290–320 nm) may alter competitive relationships among weeds and associated crop species as the level of this radiation changes. In order to determine relative sensitivity of common chickweed [Stellaria media (L.) Vill.], green foxtail (Setaria viridis L.), lady's-thumb (Polygonum persicaria L.), lamb's-quarters (Chenopodium album L.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), and shepherd's-purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris L.) to this radiation, seedlings were grown under 0, 7, and 11 kJ m-2 d-1 of biologically effective UV-B radiation in a greenhouse for 6 wk. The influence of UV-B radiation on seedling growth and morphology was investigated. UV-B radiation reduced shoot height in green foxtail (by up to 41%), lamb's-quarters, and redroot pigweed, and increased tillering in green foxtail seedlings. Leaf area and leaf biomass in common chickweed, green foxtail, lamb's-quarters, and shepherd's-purse, and stalk biomass in common chickweed, green foxtail, lamb's-quarters, redroot pigweed and shepherd's-purse declined in response to UV-B radiation. In common chickweed, leaf area was reduced by 74% at 11 kJ m-2 d-1. Root biomass was reduced by UV-B radiation in all species (up to 68% at 11 kJ m-2 d-1 in common chickweed) except lady's-thumb. Specific leaf weight increased and leaf area ratio declined in response to UV-B radiation in common chickweed and shepherd's-purse. Exposure to UV-B radiation increased the leaf weight ratio in common chickweed. Shoot:root ratios increased in response to UV-B radiation in common chickweed and redroot pigweed. Scanning electron microscopy revealed collapsed epidermal cells in occasional necrotic regions on adaxial leaf surfaces of redroot pigweed grown under 11 kJ m-2 d-1 UV-B radiation. Morphology and growth of lady's-thumb were not affected by UV-B radiation. This study suggests that common agricultural weeds have differential morphological and growth responses to UV-B-enhanced environments. Sensitivity to UV-B radiation was greatest for common chickweed and least for lady's-thumb and redroot pigweed. Key words: ultraviolet-B, Amaranthus retroflexus, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Chenopodium album, Polygonum persicaria, Setaria viridis, Stellaria media

Effect of Additives upon Phenmedipham for Weed Control in Sugarbeets

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. Miller ◽  
John D. Nalewaja
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Helianthus Annus ◽  
Brassica Kaber

Weed control and sugarbeet (Beta vulgarisL.) injury from applications of methylm-hydroxycarbanilatem-methyl-carbanilate (phenmedipham) were influenced by additives, volume of additive, and species in both field and greenhouse experiments. Oils were more effective than the surfactant as additives to phenmedipham on green foxtail (Setaria virdis(L.) Beauv.), yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca(L.) Beauv.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), or common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.). Herbicidal activity of phenmedipham on kochia (Kochia scoparia(L.) Schrad.) or wild mustard (Brassica kaber(D.C.) L.C. Wheeler var.pinnatifida(Stokes) L.C. Wheeler) was not enhanced by any additive. Linseed oil (2.34 L/ha) enhanced the herbicidal activity of phenmedipham on green foxtail, yellow foxtail, and redroot pigweed more than petroleum (2.34 L/ha) or sunflower (Helianthus annusL.) oil (2.34 or 9.35 L/ha). However, linseed oil reduced the herbicidal activity of phenmedipham on kochia.

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