scholarly journals Differential susceptibility of agricultural weeds to ultraviolet-B radiation

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 789-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. Furness ◽  
M. K. Upadhyaya
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Stellaria Media ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Lamb’S Quarters ◽  
Polygonum Persicaria

Differential morphological sensitivity of weed species to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation (290–320 nm) may alter competitive relationships among weeds and associated crop species as the level of this radiation changes. In order to determine relative sensitivity of common chickweed [Stellaria media (L.) Vill.], green foxtail (Setaria viridis L.), lady's-thumb (Polygonum persicaria L.), lamb's-quarters (Chenopodium album L.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), and shepherd's-purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris L.) to this radiation, seedlings were grown under 0, 7, and 11 kJ m-2 d-1 of biologically effective UV-B radiation in a greenhouse for 6 wk. The influence of UV-B radiation on seedling growth and morphology was investigated. UV-B radiation reduced shoot height in green foxtail (by up to 41%), lamb's-quarters, and redroot pigweed, and increased tillering in green foxtail seedlings. Leaf area and leaf biomass in common chickweed, green foxtail, lamb's-quarters, and shepherd's-purse, and stalk biomass in common chickweed, green foxtail, lamb's-quarters, redroot pigweed and shepherd's-purse declined in response to UV-B radiation. In common chickweed, leaf area was reduced by 74% at 11 kJ m-2 d-1. Root biomass was reduced by UV-B radiation in all species (up to 68% at 11 kJ m-2 d-1 in common chickweed) except lady's-thumb. Specific leaf weight increased and leaf area ratio declined in response to UV-B radiation in common chickweed and shepherd's-purse. Exposure to UV-B radiation increased the leaf weight ratio in common chickweed. Shoot:root ratios increased in response to UV-B radiation in common chickweed and redroot pigweed. Scanning electron microscopy revealed collapsed epidermal cells in occasional necrotic regions on adaxial leaf surfaces of redroot pigweed grown under 11 kJ m-2 d-1 UV-B radiation. Morphology and growth of lady's-thumb were not affected by UV-B radiation. This study suggests that common agricultural weeds have differential morphological and growth responses to UV-B-enhanced environments. Sensitivity to UV-B radiation was greatest for common chickweed and least for lady's-thumb and redroot pigweed. Key words: ultraviolet-B, Amaranthus retroflexus, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Chenopodium album, Polygonum persicaria, Setaria viridis, Stellaria media

Sensitivity of Selected Vegetable and Weed Seedlings to Ultraviolet-B Radiation

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 480e-480
Author(s):  
Nancy H. Furness ◽  
Mahesh K. Upadhyaya ◽  
Douglas P. Ormrod
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Seedling Height ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Stellaria Media ◽  
Green Foxtail

Relative sensitivity of selected vegetable and weed seedlings to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation (280–320 nm) was investigated. Seedlings were grown for 4 weeks in a greenhouse, in chambers equipped with UV-B-emitting fluorescent tubes and Mylar (control) and cellulose acetate (UV-B) filters. UV-B radiation reduced seedling height, leaf area, and leaf fresh weight in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum `Cour Di Bue'), broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica `Purple Sprouting'), cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata `Red Drumhead'), and cucumber (Cucumis sativus `Straight Eight'), leaf area and leaf fresh weight in beet (Beta vulgaris `Cylindra' and `Early Wonder'), seedling height and leaf area in spinach (Spinacia oleracea `Long Standing Bloomsdale'), lettuce (Lactuca sativa ``Red Salad Bowl Everest') and `Savoy' cabbage, and seedling height in `Chinese Tip Top' cabbage and lettuce (`Saladin'). `Winterton' cabbage was not affected. UV-B radiation decreased leaf area and leaf fresh weight in common chickweed (Stellaria media) and corn spurry (Spergula arvensis) and seedling height in green foxtail (Setaria viridis) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus). Tillering was stimulated in response to UV-B in green foxtail. There was no effect of UV-B on lady's-thumb (Polygonum persicaria) growth. Leaf number was not affected by exposure to UV-B in any species. The differential morphological sensitivity of vegetable and weed seedlings may result in altered competitive relationships under enhanced UV-B levels expected with the depletion of the earth's ozone layer.

Floristic composition and relative abundance of weeds in annual crops of Manitoba

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 831-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Wild Buckwheat ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Lamb’S Quarters

Annual surveys for weeds of fields seeded to spring wheat, barley, oats, flax, and canola in Manitoba were conducted during 1978, 1979, and 1981. Fields were surveyed during July and early August each year using a stratified random sampling procedure. Data for the crops and years were combined for analysis. The frequency, the area infested, and the density of the infestation were determined for each species. These three measures of the abundance of the weed were combined into a single synthetic value called relative abundance. Nine of the 152 species recorded by the surveyors accounted for 77% of the total relative abundance. Ranked in order by relative abundance, these species were green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.), wild oats (Avena fatua L.), wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L.), annual smartweed (Polygonum spp.), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.), lamb's-quarters (Chenopodium album L.), wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.), perennial sow-thistle (Sonchus arvensis L.), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). Green foxtail was the predominant weed with an abundance value three times larger than wild oats or wild buckwheat. The pattern of dominance found in Manitoba fields was similar to results from comparable surveys in Saskatchewan and North Dakota. Key words: Relative abundance, weed survey, weed density, green foxtail, wild oats, wild buckwheat

The Fate of Nitrofen in Rape, Redroot Pigweed, and Green Foxtail

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 555-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Hawton ◽  
E. H. Stobbe
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Molecular Size ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
High Light ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Ether Linkage ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Green Foxtail

The fate of 2,4-dichlorophenyl p-nitrophenyl ether (nitrofen) in the foliage of rape (Brassica campestris L. ‘Echo’), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), and green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) was investigated with the aid of 14C-nitrofen. Only limited amounts of the label were translocated in these species. Plants treated with 14C-nitrofen under high light conditions produced several labelled compounds of different molecular size and chromatographic properties. The time at which these compounds were first detectable depended on light intensity. At least two of these compounds are lipid-nitrofen conjugates or nitrofen polymers and others may be formed by cleavage of nitrofen at the ether linkage.

Selectivity of Nitrofen among Rape, Redroot Pigweed, and Green Foxtail

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Hawton ◽  
E. H. Stobbe
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Green Foxtail

The selectivity of 2,4-dichlorophenylp-nitrophenyl ether (nitrofen) among rape (Brassica campestrisL., var. Echo) and two weed species, redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) and green foxtail (Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv.), was determined quantitatively by a replicated dosage-response experiment. On an ED50basis, green foxtail and redroot pigweed were, respectively, 5.8 and 63.3 times more susceptible than rape. Selectivity was divided into three parameters; viz., differential spray retention, differential penetration, and differential effects within the plant. Differences in retention were measured with the use of a water-soluble dye, while differences in penetration were determined with14C-labelled nitrofen. Spray retention on green foxtail was 66% of that on the rape and 64% as much nitrofen penetrated redroot pigweed as penetrated rape. Under the conditions of these tests it was estimated that green foxtail and redroot pigweed were, respectively, 9 and 99 times more susceptible to nitrofen than was rape.

Effect of Early Competition on Growth of Common Milkweed

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Evetts ◽  
O. C. Burnside
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Light Competition ◽  
Asclepias Syriaca ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Light Soil ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Annual Weeds

Four modes of competition were studied in relation to early development of common milkweed (Asclepias syriacaL.) alone and in competition with green foxtail [Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv], redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench ‘RS-626’]. The three species were used to study the effect of no competition, light competition, soil competition, and light and soil (full) competition on common milkweed. Common milkweed height was significantly reduced by soil and full competition with the three species, while only green foxtail caused a significant reduction in height due to light competition. Shoot weight of common milkweed was significantly reduced by light, soil, and full competition by the three species. Reproduction percentage of common milkweed roots was most severely reduced by light and full competition from green foxtail and redroot pigweed. An environment conducive to the establishment of the perennial common milkweed from seed exists when annual weeds are removed by herbicides.

EFFECTS OF GREEN FOXTAIL AND LAMB’S-QUARTERS INTERFERENCE IN FIELD CORN

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1419-1425 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. SIBUGA ◽  
J. D. BANDEEN
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Competitive Effects ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Lamb’S Quarters

Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of full season interference of various densities of green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L) Beauv.) and lamb’s-quarters (Chenopodium album L.) on the yield of field corn. Green foxtail interference was studied at densities of 0, 29, 56, 89 and 129 plants/m2 in 1976 and 0, 20, 40, 62, 84 and 119 plants/m2 in 1977. Non-significant (P = 0.05) corn yield reductions were obtained at densities of 56 and 20 plants/m2 in 1976 and 1977, respectively. Increased green foxtail density reduced corn yields by 5.8–17.6% in 1976 and 5.6–16% in 1977. Lamb’s-quarters interference was tested at densities of 0, 46, 83, 112, 167 and 221 plants/m2 in 1976 and 0, 54, 109, 172, 208 and 277 plants/m2 in 1977. Corn yields were not reduced significantly at lamb’s-quarters densities of 46 and 109 plants/m2 in 1976 and 1977, respectively, compared to weed-free treatments. Yield reductions\ranged from 12.3–37.9% in 1976 and 6–58% in 1977. The competitive effects of green foxtail and lamb’s-quarters on corn yield differed mainly on the ability of the latter to reduce ear and seed size.

Germination of Exhumed Weed Seed in Nebraska

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 577-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orvin C. Burnside ◽  
Charles R. Fenster ◽  
Larry L. Evetts ◽  
Robert F. Mumm
Keyword(s):  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Kochia Scoparia ◽  
Asclepias Syriaca ◽  
Rapid Loss ◽  
Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Panicum Dichotomiflorum

An experiment was initiated in 1970 and continued through 1979 by exhuming and germinating seed of 12 economic weed species buried beneath 23 cm of soil in eastern and western Nebraska. Loss in germination of exhumed seeds over years is mathematically characterized by the formula for the rectangular hyperbola, which represents many shapes of curves that have zero as their lower limit. Of the 12 weed species, only fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorumMichx.) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) seed germination did not drop significantly over the 10-yr burial period. Germination of redroot pigweed seed was higher when buried in eastern Nebraska, but was higher for smooth groundcherry (Physalis subglabrataMack&Bush.) and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.) when buried in western Nebraska. Germination of the other nine species were not affected by burial location. The 12 weed species can be ranked as those showing most to least rapid loss of germination during burial for 10 yr as follows: honeyvine milkweed [Ampelamus albidus(Nutt.) Britt.], hemp dogbane (Apocynum cannabinumL.), kochia [Kochia scoparia(L.) Schrad.], sunflower (Helianthus annumL.), large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop.], common milkweed (Asclepias syriacaL.), musk thistle (Carduus nutansL.), velvetleaf, fall panicum, redroot pigweed, green foxtail [Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv.], and smooth groundcherry.

Effect of Additives upon Phenmedipham for Weed Control in Sugarbeets

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. Miller ◽  
John D. Nalewaja
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Helianthus Annus ◽  
Brassica Kaber

Weed control and sugarbeet (Beta vulgarisL.) injury from applications of methylm-hydroxycarbanilatem-methyl-carbanilate (phenmedipham) were influenced by additives, volume of additive, and species in both field and greenhouse experiments. Oils were more effective than the surfactant as additives to phenmedipham on green foxtail (Setaria virdis(L.) Beauv.), yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca(L.) Beauv.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), or common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.). Herbicidal activity of phenmedipham on kochia (Kochia scoparia(L.) Schrad.) or wild mustard (Brassica kaber(D.C.) L.C. Wheeler var.pinnatifida(Stokes) L.C. Wheeler) was not enhanced by any additive. Linseed oil (2.34 L/ha) enhanced the herbicidal activity of phenmedipham on green foxtail, yellow foxtail, and redroot pigweed more than petroleum (2.34 L/ha) or sunflower (Helianthus annusL.) oil (2.34 or 9.35 L/ha). However, linseed oil reduced the herbicidal activity of phenmedipham on kochia.

Weed Control in Sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris) by Mixtures of Cycloate and Ethofumesate

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 516-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. Schweizer
Keyword(s):  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Kochia Scoparia ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Herbicide Mixtures

Response of weeds and sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L. ‘Mono Hy D2′) to preplanting treatments of mixtures of cycloate (S-ethyl N-ethylthiocyclohexanecarbamate) and ethofumesate [(±)-2-ethoxy-2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-benzofuranyl methanesulfonate] was evaluated in five field studies. A mixture containing 1.7 kg/ha of each herbicide reduced the stand of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) 90%, green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.] and yellow foxtail [Setaria lutescens (Weigel) Hubb.] 97 to 99%, kochia [Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.] 64 to 77%, and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) 82 to 99%. The response of weeds to preplanting applications of mixtures of cycloate and ethofumesate was independent of soil texture, whereas response of sugarbeets was dependent on soil texture. The herbicide mixtures significantly reduced the pre-thinning stand of sugarbeets and root and sucrose yields on two sandy loams, but not on a clay loam.

Weed surveys in different tillage systems in southwestern Ontario field crops

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 1337-1347 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Frick ◽  
A. G. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Weed Communities ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Lamb’S Quarters ◽  
Weed Survey

A weed survey of 593 corn, soybean and winter wheat fields in southwestern Ontario was conducted during 1988 and 1989 to determine the abundance and distribution of weeds under a variety of tillage systems. The survey was conducted after all weed-control measures had been carried out. A total of 82 weed species and groups of species were recorded. Many weeds were found infrequently. The most abundant weeds were green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.), lamb’s-quarters (Chenopodium album L.), quack grass (Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber). These weeds accounted for 54% of the total relative abundance. Weed communities in individual fields were highly variable. Most fields had fewer than 10 species, and nearly half of the fields had fewer than 6 weeds m−2. Six weeds, yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv.), quack grass, crab grass spp. (Digitaria spp.), lamb’s-quarters, green foxtail and chickweed (Stellaria media (L.) Vill.), occurred at densities greater than 100 plants or shoots m−2 in at least one field. Similar weed communities were found in fields that had different tillage histories. Annual weeds were found at higher densities and perennial weeds at lower densities in reduced tillage than in conventional tillage. Weeds were found at highest total densities in fields with no tillage. The six most abundant weeds in the current study were present in Ontario prior to the 1900s.Key words: Weed survey, reduced tillage, green foxtail, lamb’s-quarters, quack grass, redroot pigweed

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