White mulch and a south facing position favour strawberry growth and quality in high latitude tunnel cultivation

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Karhu ◽  
R. Puranen ◽  
A. Aflatuni
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
First Year ◽  
Fragaria Ananassa ◽  
Double Row ◽  
North East ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Second Year

Polyethylene mulches with black or white surface were compared in seven strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) genotypes in a 2-yr experiment. The plants were covered by an unheated walk-in tunnel at the beginning of the first harvest season. The effects of a south-west versus north-east position of plants within the double-row beds were also studied. Soil temperatures were higher under black mulch, especially mid-day temperatures on the bed surface in the southward position. White mulch favoured root and crown growth in the first year, and the southwest position increased plant growth in both years. With black mulch, lower carbohydrate reserves were observed after transplanting, and a decreased chlorophyll content of leaves was detected in the second year. Mulch colour did not affect yield quantity. The first-year harvest was advanced with black mulch, but in the second year, the harvest season was earliest on the south side of beds with white mulch. Black mulch decreased fruit size in the first year and the concentration of fruit soluble solids in both years. The results suggest that in northern latitudes white mulch improves strawberry plant growth and fruit quality over that obtained using black mulch, but enhanced yield is not to be expected when a double-row tunnel cultivation system is used. Key words: Fragaria × ananassa, mulch, plasticulture, polyethylene, strawberry, tunnel

scholarly journals Orchard Cooling with Pulsed Overtree Irrigation to Prevent Solar Injury and Improve Fruit Quality of `Jonagold' Apples

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 802-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Parchomchuk ◽  
M. Meheriuk
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
First Year ◽  
Average Surface ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Fruit Surface ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

Pulsed application of overtree irrigation for evaporative cooling of `Jonagold' apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) reduced visible solar injury by 15.8% (1991) and 9.4% (1992). Maximum fruit surface temperature was reduced by 8.1 °C on a day when the average surface mean of nonsprayed fruit rose to 45.6 °C. Air heated more slowly than the exposed fruit surface and was cooled only 1 to 2 °C by overtree irrigation. Cooling did not affect fruit size, firmness, or redness but reduced soluble solids concentration and increased titratable acidity. Storage breakdown was unaffected in the first year but was reduced by 6.0% in the second year.

scholarly journals Solarization and Chemical Alternatives to Methyl Bromide for Preplant Soil Treatment of Strawberries

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Rieger ◽  
Gerard Krewer ◽  
Pamela Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
First Year ◽  
Metam Sodium ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Clear Plastic ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Black Plastic

Solarization and chemical alternatives to methyl bromide (MeBr) soil fumigation for strawberry (Fragaria {XtimesX}ananassa) were evaluated in a 3-year study in Savannah, Ga. Solarization using clear or black plastic, metam sodium (Sectagon), dazomet (Basamid), 1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin (Telone C-35), MeBr, and untreated control treatments were used. Solarization produced maximal soil temperatures of 55 to 60 °C (131 to 140 °F) at the 2.5 cm (1 inch) depth, and 42 to 48 °C (108 to 118 °F) at the 15 cm (6 inch) depth. Clear and black plastic were generally equally effective in heating the soil. A double layer of clear plastic raised soil temperatures 1 to 2 °C (2 to 4 °F) above those under a single layer of clear at the 2.5 cm depth, although this occurred less frequently at the 15 cm depth. MeBr treatment increased yield by 46% and 128% in the first and second years, respectively, compared to the untreated control, but all treatments were similar in yield in year three. Season average fruit size differed among treatments in only the first year, with MeBr resulting in fruit 13% to 25% larger than other treatments. Yield for the metam sodium treatment in the first year was 34% lower than for MeBr, but comparable to MeBr in the other 2 years. Solarization treatment yields were similar to those of MeBr in the first and third years, but could not be analyzed in the second year due to plot damage. Dazomet treatment yields were similar to those of MeBr, metam sodium, and the untreated control in its single year of testing, but logistics of application and high costs may disfavor this treatment. The 1,3-dichloropropene/chloropicrin treatment performed as well as MeBr in its single year of testing. Three treatments-metam sodium, 1,3-dichloropropene/chloropicrin, and solarization with black plastic-offer viable, lower cost alternatives to MeBr.

INFLUENCE OF FOLIAR-APPLIED N-P-K FERTILIZERS ON PRODUCTIVITY AND NUTRITION OF JUNE-BEARING STRAWBERRIES

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 277-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. ROSEN ◽  
E. E. HOOVER ◽  
J. J. LUBY
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
First Year ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Fragaria Ananassa ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
Yield Quality ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

A 2-yr field experiment was conducted to determine the influence of supplemental N-P-K foliar fertilizers (9-8-7 or 16-2-3) applied during flowering, fruit enlargement and/or flower initiation on yield, quality, and nutrition of Earliglow strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). All plots received soil applied fertilizer at planting and at renovation according to soil test recommendations. Foliar fertilizers did not significantly increase total yield at any of the rates or times of application employed. Average yields the first year were 1.5 times greater than those the second year, regardless of whether foliar fertilizers were applied. Treatments did not significantly affect mean berry weight or percent soluble solids. Concentrations of N and P in recently matured leaves sampled during harvest were not significantly affected by foliar treatments, but K level was increased in the second year of the study by some foliar treatments.Key words: Fragaria spp., foliar nutrient sprays, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, strawberry

scholarly journals Strawberry Fruit Yield and Vegetative Growth and Pest Populations in Plantings with and without Cover Crops

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1172-1173
Author(s):  
Carl H. Shanks ◽  
Jimmie D. Chamberlain
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Spider Mites ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
First Year ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Fragaria Ananassa ◽  
Strawberry Fruit ◽  
Second Year

`Totem' strawberries (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) were planted with clean-cultivated inter-rows or inter-rows planted with permanent cover crops of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) or `Manhattan' perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). There were no significant differences between treatments in the number of twospotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch), strawberry aphids [Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (Cockerell)], or Pratylenchus sp. or Xiphinema sp. nematodes on strawberry plants. The cover crops reduced strawberry yields relative to cultivation, although fruit size was significantly larger the second year. Root weight did not differ significantly in either year. Weight of above-ground vegetation was significantly higher in cultivated plots the first year, but not the second year.

Cryptodiaporthe populea. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
First Year ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
North East ◽  
Conidial State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
East Russia ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Old Trees

Abstract A description is provided for Cryptodiaporthe populea. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Poplar, willow. A wide range of poplar species are more or less susceptible, with members of the tacamahacca and algeros groups principally affected. Populus alba var. pyramidalis is very susceptible in Britain and P. alba and P. tremula are tolerant; complete resistance is unknown in the genus: The fungus has been recorded on cricket bat willow in Belgium. DISEASE: Dothichiza canker, Dorhichiza dieback, poplar canker. The conidial state is the form of this fungus most commonly found associated with the dieback or canker of poplar. The fungus is a wound parasite unable to invade sound bark tissues, although very small wounds, such as scars left by bud scales, may permit infection (38, 341). Infection usually occurs in the winter, when bark moisture and turgor are lowest (36, 673; 37, 684). First signs are a discoloration of the cortex under the bark, which develops to a sunken, dead patch of bark, often at the base of twigs or at the junction of first-year and second-year wood. The lesion may have an unpleasant odour and later develops black, globular, pycnidia on the surface. The lesion may heal over in a single season but it can spread to cause severe damage or death of the host. Injury is believed to be due to toxin formation as well as physical girdling by the canker (35, 797; 38, 103). The crowns of old trees or young plants in nurseries and plantations are mainly affected. The disease may be distinguished from that caused by Valsa sordida Nits. by its larger conidia and larger and less frequent stromata in infected tissues. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (all western Europe excluding Portugal, Norway, Yugoslavia, Rumania, Bulgaria, Poland, Estonia, Ukraine and south-east Russia). Near East (Turkey, Cyprus). North America (east Canada, north-east USA). South America (Argentina) (CMI Map 344, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: Mainly by airborne splash-dispersed conidia.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Potential of 1-Methylcyclopropene Treatments to Maintain Fruit Quality of the Common Fig (Ficus carica L. cv. ‘Bursa Siyahi’) during Refrigerated Storage

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 516-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Okan OZKAYA ◽  
Songül ÇÖMLEKÇIOGLU ◽  
Hatice DEMIRCIOGLU
Keyword(s):  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Ficus Carica ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
First Year ◽  
Limited Effect ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
The Common ◽  
Second Year

The fig fruit is a unique, climacteric, highly perishable subject to rapid physiological breakdown. Application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) was tested to delay ripening of black fig (Ficus carica L. cv. ‘Bursa Siyahi’) during storage overtwo growing seasons. Fruits were pre-cooled to 1 °C for 6 hours and afterwards treated with 500 or 1000 nl l-1 of 1-MCP for24 hours. Treated fruits were stored for 10 days at 1 °C, 90-95% RH and then evaluated. 1-MCP treatments showed thatethylene production, respiration rate, weight loss and concentrations of glucose, fructose and total soluble solids (TSS) were negatively correlated to the 1-MCP doses during cold storage (with the exception of TSS in the first year of experiment and respiration rate in the second year of the experiment). In contrast, pulp firmness and colour (ho) during cold storage werepositively correlated to the 1-MCP applied doses. Results of this study showed that although 1-methylcyclopropene applications slowed down fruit softening during the 10 days of storage, 1-methylcyclopropene appeared to have a relatively limited effect on slowing ripening of ‘Bursa Siyahi’ figs.

scholarly journals Grafting Melons Increases Yield, Extends the Harvest Season, and Prevents Sudden Wilt in New England

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Janel L. Ohletz ◽  
J. Brent Loy
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Spring Temperatures ◽  
Solids Content

Melons (Cucumis melo var. reticulatis) are potentially a high value crop for New England, but production is limited by cool spring temperatures and sudden wilt. The sudden wilt syndrome in melon, attributed to both biotic and abiotic factors, is characterized by rapid wilting of vines either just preceding or during the harvest season, reducing melon quality and shortening the harvest period. We investigated the effects of grafting melons to rootstocks of interspecific hybrid squash (Cucurbita maxima × C. moschata), which have exhibited tolerance to soilborne diseases and cooler soil temperatures. In 2015, we compared the performance of ‘Halona’ melon grafted to two rootstocks, ‘Carnivor’ and ‘NH1320’, to that of nongrafted (NG) plants at two New Hampshire Agriculture Experiment Research Farms, Woodman (WRF) and Kingman (KRF). Pistillate flowering and melon harvests were 3 to 9 days earlier in NG than grafted (GR) plants. By harvest period, GR plant growth exceeded that of NG plants, and GR plants did not display wilting symptoms observed in NG plants. Total marketable yields were 57% and 90% higher for GR/‘Carnivor’ (47.8 and 45.0 Mg·ha−1) and 44% and 89% higher for GR/‘NH1320’ (43.9 and 44.9 Mg·ha−1) compared with the NG treatment (30.5 and 23.7 Mg·ha−1) at WRF and KRF, respectively. There were no differences in fruit numbers per plot between treatments, but mean fruit weight was between 33% and 71% larger in GR than NG treatments. In 2016, GR (‘NH1320’ rootstock) and NG ‘Halona’ were compared at three transplantation dates, 12 and 21 May and 1 June, and with two irrigation frequencies, drip irrigation every 2 days (2-d Irr) or every 4 days (4-d Irr). NG plants exhibited symptoms of sudden wilt in early August compared with no symptoms on GR plants. Harvests of NG melons were 3 to 8 days earlier than GR plants for all three planting dates. The increase in yields of GR plants compared with NG plants for the 12 and 21 May and 1 June planting dates were, respectively, 131%, 123%, and 149% greater with the 2-day Irr, and 93%, 100%, and 78% greater with 4-d Irr. Irrigation frequency did not significantly affect fruit size or soluble solids content (SSC), whereas grafting increased both fruit number and fruit size but did not significantly affect SSC at all three planting dates.

scholarly journals Physical Characteristics of Mulches and Their Impact on Crop Response and Profitability in Muskmelon Production

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Brandenberger ◽  
Bob Wiedenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Commercial Products ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Base Selection

Using polyethylene mulches has increased earliness, yields, and fruit quality in muskmelon, resulting in their extensive use for melon production with numerous commercial products. However, two problems are associated with polyethylene use: removal and disposal following production. Organic mulches are potential alternatives but, in this study, resulted in significantly lower soil temperatures than all other treatments and generally had lower yields. Soil temperature, yield, fruit size and percent soluble solids were increased by polyethylene mulches compared to bare soil. Crop response differences between polyethylene mulches were not significant for most characteristics measured. There were significant differences in durability and ease of removal of polyethylene mulches. Based our results, durability and ease of removal are the main characteristics on which to base selection. Proper mulch selection can reduce removal costs and enable commercial producers to leave a mulch in place for the production of a second crop.

scholarly journals Response of Plasticultured Bell Pepper to Staking, Irrigation Frequency, and Fertigated Nitrogen Rate

HortScience ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pat Bowen ◽  
Brenda Frey
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
First Year ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Bell Peppers ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Pericarp Thickness ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch

Effects of staking, drip irrigation frequency and fertigated N rate on dry matter partitioning and yield of bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.), grown using polyethylene mulch and mini-tunnels, were determined in two years. In the second year, which had higher early-season temperatures and more hours of direct sunlight, plants were larger, more productive and had larger fruit with thicker pericarps and a higher water content than in the first year. In both years, staked plants fertigated with 31.5 vs. 63 kg·ha-1 N produced higher yields due to increased fruit size and pericarp thickness. Compared with the response to monthly irrigation plus rainfall, additional irrigation applied when the soil moisture tension averaged below -25 and -20 kPa in the two years, respectively, affected yield only in the second year when it increased yield and the number of fruits produced by staked plants and decreased that of non-staked plants. Patterns of vegetative development and dry matter partitioning indicate that resources were remobilized from leaves to support fruit development.

scholarly journals Hydrocyanic acid content and growth rate of sorghum x sudangrass hybrid during fall

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-305
Author(s):  
Flávia Fernanda Simili ◽  
Maria Lúcia Pereira Lima ◽  
Maria Izabel Merino de Medeiros ◽  
Claudia Cristina Paro de Paz ◽  
Ana Claudia Ruggieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Age ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
First Year ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Cyanide Poisoning ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
Second Year

In central Brazil after soybean or other annual agricultural species is harvested, sorghum hybrids are planted in the fall in order to establish pastures for grazing animals. This study conducted for two consecutive years aimed at quantifying the contents of hydrocyanic acid in the leaves and determining plant height, forage dry matter yield and the leaf/stem ratio for sorghum hybrid 1P400 at different ages. Statistical analysis was performed by regression analysis based on plant age. Leaf HCN content decreased with plant growth, ranging from 205.0 and 230.3 mg HCN/100 g leaf DM at two weeks old to 5.9 and 6.1 mg HCN/100 g leaf DM at five weeks old in the first and second year, respectively. The average heights measured varied from 60 and 56 cm, in the 4th week, to 117 and 151 cm, in the 8th week, during the first and second experimental year, respectively. Forage mass increased linearly with age and displayed average of 1.411 and 1.637 kg DM/ha in the first year and, 2.905 and 3.640 kg DM/ha in the second year, during the 7th and 8th week, respectively. Leaf proportion decreased while stem increased linearly with plant age. The leaf/stem ratio decreased with plant growth, elongation and increasing stem weight. The sorghum hybrid should be grazed only after five weeks or when the plant height is above 80 cm, in order to avoid the risk of cyanide poisoning.

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