Cryptodiaporthe populea. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
First Year ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
North East ◽  
Conidial State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
East Russia ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Old Trees

Abstract A description is provided for Cryptodiaporthe populea. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Poplar, willow. A wide range of poplar species are more or less susceptible, with members of the tacamahacca and algeros groups principally affected. Populus alba var. pyramidalis is very susceptible in Britain and P. alba and P. tremula are tolerant; complete resistance is unknown in the genus: The fungus has been recorded on cricket bat willow in Belgium. DISEASE: Dothichiza canker, Dorhichiza dieback, poplar canker. The conidial state is the form of this fungus most commonly found associated with the dieback or canker of poplar. The fungus is a wound parasite unable to invade sound bark tissues, although very small wounds, such as scars left by bud scales, may permit infection (38, 341). Infection usually occurs in the winter, when bark moisture and turgor are lowest (36, 673; 37, 684). First signs are a discoloration of the cortex under the bark, which develops to a sunken, dead patch of bark, often at the base of twigs or at the junction of first-year and second-year wood. The lesion may have an unpleasant odour and later develops black, globular, pycnidia on the surface. The lesion may heal over in a single season but it can spread to cause severe damage or death of the host. Injury is believed to be due to toxin formation as well as physical girdling by the canker (35, 797; 38, 103). The crowns of old trees or young plants in nurseries and plantations are mainly affected. The disease may be distinguished from that caused by Valsa sordida Nits. by its larger conidia and larger and less frequent stromata in infected tissues. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (all western Europe excluding Portugal, Norway, Yugoslavia, Rumania, Bulgaria, Poland, Estonia, Ukraine and south-east Russia). Near East (Turkey, Cyprus). North America (east Canada, north-east USA). South America (Argentina) (CMI Map 344, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: Mainly by airborne splash-dispersed conidia.

Morpho (Morpho) helenor (Cramer) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Morphinae) in Bolivia: Geographical distribution and ecological plasticity, with a description of a new subspecies

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 3130 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
YUVINKA GARECA ◽  
PATRICK BLANDIN
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
New Subspecies ◽  
Transition Zones ◽  
Ecological Plasticity ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Intermediate Phenotypes ◽  
Wide Range

The geographical distribution of Morpho helenor (Cramer) in Bolivia is mapped from the study of specimens preserved in Bolivian and foreign collections, and from recent field studies in various ecoregions. One subspecies, M. h. theodorus Fruhstorfer, inhabits Amazonian moist forests in the western and northern parts of the country. Another subspecies, M. h. coelestis Butler, is common in moist cloud forests (Bolivian Yungas), but also occurs to the North and North-East. We describe a new subspecies, M. h. prometa ssp. nov., from Southern Andean Yungas. Transition zones between theodorus and coelestis are highlighted, where specimens exhibiting intermediate phenotypes were collected. The pattern of geographic transition from M. h. coelestis to M. h. prometa needs to be documented. M. h. prometa inhabits sub-humid, semideciduous forests, whereas M. h. theodorus and M. h. coelestis live in rainforests. M. h. coelestis populations are found from less than 100 m to more than 1600 m a.s.l.; M. h. theodorus has been collected at more than 1000 m a.s.l.; and M. h. prometa between 500 m and 1400 m a.s.l.. Therefore, Bolivian M. helenor populations are distributed throughout a wide range of ecological contexts: we discuss the habitat plasticity of the species in light of available knowledge of its geographical distribution and habitats in the Neotropical Region.

scholarly journals Planting-hole Amendments Modify Growth and Fruiting of Apples on Replant Sites

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.H. Neilsen ◽  
J. Beulah ◽  
E.J. Hogue ◽  
R. Utkhede
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
First Year ◽  
Monoammonium Phosphate ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Replant Problem ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Cu Nutrition

The effects of various nonfumigant planting-hole treatments on growth and yield of apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) trees were measured during the first 3 years after planting. Eight orchards diagnosed as having a replant problem were monitored. First-year shoot growth, the number of blossoms in the second year (inmost orchards), and first-year trunk cross-sectional area increment (TCAI) in 50% of test orchards were increased by monoammonium phosphate (MAP) fertilizer+ peat, MAP+ mancozeb, or MAP + peat + a bacterial antagonist. By the end of year 3, TCAI generally was not affected by treatments, but treatments resulted in more blossoms by the third season in two of seven orchards that blossomed in the second season. Cumulative yield after 3 years increased significantly in only three orchards, with the best treatment, MAP+ peat, resulting in cost recovery in only one orchard. Inadequate K or Cu nutrition may have reduced growth in some of the orchards, which were characterized by a wide range in yields, independent of planting-hole treatment.

scholarly journals Characteristics of general practitioners that provided health assessments, care plans or case conferences, as part of the Enhanced Primary Care program

2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 121 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Wilkinson ◽  
Heather McElroy ◽  
Justin Beilby ◽  
Kathy Mott ◽  
Kay Price ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
General Practitioners ◽  
Care Program ◽  
First Year ◽  
Care Plans ◽  
Primary Care Program ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Health Assessments ◽  
Case Conferences ◽  
Second Year

We aimed to describe the characteristics of general practitioners (GPs) who provided health assessments (HA), care plans (CP) or case conferences (CC) as part of the Enhanced Primary Care (EPC) program between November 1999 and October 2001.While the gender distribution of EPC-active GPs is similar to that of non-EPC-active GPs, EPC-active GPs tend to be younger (72% vs 58% aged 35-54 years). Among EPC-active GPs, males account for about 66% of providers and about 80%of services. There is a very wide range in the number of EPC services provided per GP. In all, 1591 (14%)have rendered a single service while 919 (8.1%)have rendered over 100 services each (accounting for almost half of all EPC activity in Australia). The number of GPs providing any EPC service each month gradually increased to around 5000 in October 2001.Most patients (80-90%)that received multiple EPC services did so from the same GP. Across Divisions of General Practice the proportion of practices registered for the Practice Incentive Program (PIP) that have provided EPC services ranges from 100 to 0%. In the first year at least 50% of all practices in 84 Divisions rendered at least one EPC service while in the second year 108 did. Across Australia 58% of PIP practices rendered at least one service in the first year and 76% did in the second year. A little over half the GP workforce rendered at least one EPC service in the first year of the program, but there was a very wide range in the number of services provided per GP. Most GPs provide very few and a small number provide very many. There is wide variation in the proportion of practices providing EPC services, but this is increasing.

scholarly journals Episodic Growth and Shoot Differentiation in Apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.)

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 603b-603
Author(s):  
Jacques J. Crabbe
Keyword(s):  
First Year ◽  
Short Shoot ◽  
Shoot Differentiation ◽  
Episodic Growth ◽  
Primary Difference ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Flowering Ability ◽  
Tree Development

The flushing behavior of shoot growth and its consequences on shoot differentiation are important features in fruit tree development, with regard to flowering ability. In this respect, two different approaches were applied to young `M26' apple trees. First, poorly branched 2-year-old trees were headed back, either in the second-year or in the first-year wood, at different times from right before to 6 weeks after budbreak. Early pruning resulted in rapid and prolonged regrowth, with a final very similar shaping of the tree to that of the intact controls. Late pruning, in contrast, leads to a two-step reaction (late spring and summer flushes), sometimes stronger on 2-year-old than on 1-year-old wood. In a second experiment, buds and young shoots were sampled on pruned trees in locations where they could be supposed to remain short shoots or grow long, with one or two flushes. They were weighed, their leaves and internodes measured, and the plastochron evaluated. During budbreak and the first month afterwards, shoot differentiation appears achieved. The primary difference between long and short shoot types does not consist in faster internode elongation but, rather, in faster production (reduced plastochron) of larger leaves.

White mulch and a south facing position favour strawberry growth and quality in high latitude tunnel cultivation

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Karhu ◽  
R. Puranen ◽  
A. Aflatuni
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
First Year ◽  
Fragaria Ananassa ◽  
Double Row ◽  
North East ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Second Year

Polyethylene mulches with black or white surface were compared in seven strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) genotypes in a 2-yr experiment. The plants were covered by an unheated walk-in tunnel at the beginning of the first harvest season. The effects of a south-west versus north-east position of plants within the double-row beds were also studied. Soil temperatures were higher under black mulch, especially mid-day temperatures on the bed surface in the southward position. White mulch favoured root and crown growth in the first year, and the southwest position increased plant growth in both years. With black mulch, lower carbohydrate reserves were observed after transplanting, and a decreased chlorophyll content of leaves was detected in the second year. Mulch colour did not affect yield quantity. The first-year harvest was advanced with black mulch, but in the second year, the harvest season was earliest on the south side of beds with white mulch. Black mulch decreased fruit size in the first year and the concentration of fruit soluble solids in both years. The results suggest that in northern latitudes white mulch improves strawberry plant growth and fruit quality over that obtained using black mulch, but enhanced yield is not to be expected when a double-row tunnel cultivation system is used. Key words: Fragaria × ananassa, mulch, plasticulture, polyethylene, strawberry, tunnel

Lophodermella arcuata. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
First Year ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Pinus Flexilis ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Natural Stands ◽  
Drought Effects

Abstract A description is provided for Lophodermella arcuata. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pinus albicaulis, Pinus flexilis, Pinus lambertiana, Pinus monticola. DISEASES: Needle cast of five-needle pines. Ascomata are reported to develop rapidly on first-year needles, which turn brown for their entire length in spring. Ascospores are released in July and August, and infect needles which are 2-to 5-months old. Most needles are cast by September of their second year, so that the life-cycle is completed in 15-16 months. On P. monticola the fungus affects mainly the middle and upper crowns of pole-size to mature trees (40, 131). In P. flexilis stands, only occasional isolated trees are affected. The upper crown of diseased trees is thin, with often only the current year's needles present. On P. lambertiana, most trees in two plantations become infected, and both terminal and radial growth reduced (62, 418). The effect of disease on radial growth may, however, be confounded by drought effects. The disease has been considered unimportant in natural stands. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA (California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon). TRANSMISSION: By airborne ascospores in wet or humid conditions. Ascospores which have germinated while still within the ascus have been observed in dried preserved herbarium specimens.

scholarly journals Analisis Kelayakan Usaha Cilet Coklat Kota Banda Aceh

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-278
Author(s):  
Abu Naldia Fadila Basyamfar ◽  
Indra Indra ◽  
Rahmaddiansyah Rahmaddiansyah
Keyword(s):  
Payback Period ◽  
Business Development ◽  
First Year ◽  
Case Study Method ◽  
Technical Aspects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Banda Aceh

Abstrak - Cilet Coklat merupakan sebuah usaha yang memproduksi berbagai macam olahan coklat dan beberapa souvenir dengan produk andalannya yaitu coklat praline. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat kelayakan dan prospek pengembangan usaha Cilet Coklat apabila ditinjau dari aspek pasar, aspek teknis dan aspek finansial.Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode studi kasus. Metode analisismenggunakan metode deskriptif dankuantitatif. Hasil penelitian dari aspek finansial menunjukkan bahwa Cilet Coklat layak dijalankan, karena memperoleh keuntungan bersih sebesar Rp190.465.499 selama umur usaha berjalan yaitu 19 bulan, dengan rata – rata Rp10.024.500  per bulan. Nilai R/C sebesar 1,5 pada tahun pertama dan 1,7 pada tahun kedua. Payback Period 3 bulan13 hari. Analisis aspek pasar dan teknis layak untuk dijalankan.Feasibility Analysis of Cilet Coklat in Banda Aceh CityAbstract –Cilet Coklat is a business that produces a wide range of processed chocolate and some souvenirs with its flagship product, namely chocolate praline. This study aims to analyze the feasibility and prospects of business development Cilet Coklat when viewed from the aspect of the market, technical and financial aspects. The method used in this research is a case study method. The method of analysis used descriptive and quantitative. The results of the study showed that the financial aspects Cilet Coklat viable, because the net profit amounted to Rp190.465.499 over the life of the business works is 19 months, with the averages Rp10.024.500 / month. R/C of 1.5 in the first year and 1.7 in the second year. Payback Period 3 months 13 days.Analysis of the technical aspects of the market and be eligible to run.

scholarly journals Drawing with my Students’ – Development of Clothed Life Drawings among University Fine Art Students. Analysis of Selected Drawings by Second Year Students at Kenyatta University

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-69
Author(s):  
Kamau Wango
Keyword(s):  
Fine Art ◽  
First Year ◽  
Art Students ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Human Figure Drawing ◽  
Life Model ◽  
Human Figure ◽  
Second Year ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Figure Drawing

Students of Fine Art are introduced to drawing in their first year and human figure drawing in their second year. It is presumed that they have already had some element of earlier exposure in other levels of prior studies. The objective of human figure drawing or life drawing is to get the students to a level of applied skill where they can be able to draw and utilize their skill in other aspects of self-expression in other disciplines of Art. This is because life drawing is a fundamental requirement in all disciplines of art from basic sketching to detailed paintings. This paper examines selected work of students to determine the extent to which they are able to achieve this objective within the unit prescribed duration of one semester. The paper also seeks to determine whether the work produced meets the standard of drawing required at this level which then enables the students to subsequently embark on other units of drawing moving forward. This is critical since they are required to apply their life drawing skills in other units as a matter of routine individual expression. In this regard, if they are required to draw or paint an imaginative composition, they would be expected to depict human figures which not only fit within the composition and are well executed but also express the students’ ability to interpret themes and formulate subject matter. For the purpose of these exercises and in order to focus solely on the objectives of human figure composition and detailed development, the students were confined to the use of pencil for the layout, shading and detailing of their work. This is because pencil provides a wide range of manoeuvre for this kind of exercise. In this series of drawings, the students used one particular female model which provided them with the opportunity to visually interact with the individual model and be able to study and observe how the life model adjusts to various poses. This was designed to help draw inspiration as well as make the drawing exercises methodical, enjoyable and purposeful.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Possibilities of Using Cross-Linked Polyacrylamide (Agro Hydrogel) and Preparations with Biostimulation in Building the Quality Potential of Newly Planted Apple Trees

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Magdalena Kapłan ◽  
Agnieszka Lenart ◽  
Kamila Klimek ◽  
Andrzej Borowy ◽  
Dariusz Wrona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
First Year ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Second Year ◽  
One Year ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Positive Effect

The research was carried out in a commercial apple orchard in southeastern Poland. The aim of the research was to evaluate the effect of fertilizer with biostimulation and humic acids with algae extracts and agrogel on the reception and growth of newly planted maiden apple trees of the ‘Gala Must’ variety. One-year-old budwoods were planted annually on the site where fruit trees had grown for 20 years. For the purpose of the experiment, old trees were grubbed up every year in autumn. The experiment assessed the growth and quality of apple trees in the fall of the first year after planting them permanently using a biostimulator in the form of fertilizer and agrogel. On the basis of 3-year studies, it was shown that the application of the assessed preparations had a positive effect on the quality parameters of the trees. The experiment showed the positive effect of the preparation with biostimulation on the best growth and quality parameters every year, which was confirmed by the multidimensional cluster analysis. The fact that the use of agrogel significantly modified the height of the evaluated apple trees in the second year of the study, when lower amounts of rainfall were recorded, is particularly noteworthy.

An inevitable crisis? From first to second year in counsellor training

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-89
Author(s):  
Hugh Crago
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
First Year ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Counsellor Training ◽  
Student Dropout ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Neurological Research ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
And Control

In a seminal 1973 paper, Robert Clark described the very different “cultures” of the first and second year students in a four year clinical psychology PhD programme. The author applies Clark’s template to his own experiences as trainee or trainer in five different counsellor education programmes, one in the US and four in Australia. Each of the programmes, to varying degrees, demonstrates key features of the pattern identified by Clark, where the first year is “therapeutic” and other-oriented, the second is “professional” and self-focused. The author concludes that all the surveyed programmes exhibited some level of “second year crisis”, in which a significant number of students felt abandoned, dissatisfied, or rebellious. The author extends and refines Clark’s developmental analogy (first year = childhood; second year = adolescence) to reflect recent neurological research, in particular, the shift from a right hemisphere-dominant first year of life, prioritising affiliative needs, to a left hemisphere-dominant second year, prioritising autonomy and control. This shift is paralleled later by a more gradual move from a protective, supportive childhood to necessary, but sometimes conflictual, individuation in adolescence. The first two years of a counsellor training programme broadly echo this process, a process exacerbated by the second year internship/placement, in which students must “leave home” and adjust to unfamiliar, potentially less nurturing, authority figures. Finally, the author suggests introducing more rigorous “academic holding” into the first year, and greater attention to “therapeutic holding” of dissident students in the second, hopefully decreasing student dropout, and achieving a better balanced training experience.

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