Oxygen measurements in the root zone facilitated by TDR

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.C. Topp ◽  
B. Dow ◽  
M. Edwards ◽  
E. G. Gregorich ◽  
W. E. Curnoe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Flux ◽  
No Till ◽  
Oxygen Measurement ◽  
Oxygen Measurements ◽  
Temperature Water

Deleterious soil structural conditions, as from compaction, can reduce plant growth and yields by reducing aeration and oxygen in the rooting environment. Using a double-membrane oxygen cathode in each of four corn plots, we measured soil oxygen concentrations in duplicate at depths of 5, 10, 20 and 30 cm during the growing season. In addition, temperature, water content and bulk density determinations allowed the monitoring of O2 concentration trends under no-till and conventional-till corn management. Carbon dioxide flux from the soil surface was measured weekly. Temporal patterns of O2 levels fluctuated in response to rainfall at all depths but much less so at 30-cm depth. At 30 cm the O2 concentration remained inadequate for optimum plant growth (<0.01 kg m−3) for over 2 mo after planting under no-till with poorly timed trafficking. Under conventional till and appropriately timed trafficking adequate aeration occurred more than a month earlier than under no-till. The CO2 output was generally lower by 10 to 30% in no-till than that in conventional till, indicating measurably lower levels of biological activity. The relative magnitudes of mid-season O2 concentrations and CO2 flux densities showed the same pattern as the crop yields for all tillage treatments. More analyses of seasonal O2 consumption patterns are required to determine if lack of O2 is a causal factor for the reduced crop yield. Key words: TDR, aeration, oxygen measurement, carbon dioxide, tillage, root zone

scholarly journals No-tillage sorghum and garbanzo yields match or exceed standard tillage yields

2022 ◽  
pp. 112-120
Author(s):  
Jeffrey P. Mitchell ◽  
Anil Shrestha ◽  
Lynn Epstein ◽  
Jeffery A. Dahlberg ◽  
Teamrat Ghezzehei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
San Joaquin Valley ◽  
Agricultural Water Use ◽  
No Till ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Crop System

To meet the requirements of California's Sustainable Groundwater Management Act, there is a critical need for crop production strategies with less reliance on irrigation from surface and groundwater sources. One strategy for improving agricultural water use efficiency is reducing tillage and maintaining residues on the soil surface. We evaluated high residue no-till versus standard tillage in the San Joaquin Valley with and without cover crops on the yields of two crops, garbanzo and sorghum, for 4 years. The no-till treatment had no primary or secondary tillage. Sorghum yields were similar in no-till and standard tillage systems while no-till garbanzo yields matched or exceeded those of standard tillage, depending on the year. Cover crops had no effect on crop yields. Soil cover was highest under the no-till with cover crop system, averaging 97% versus 5% for the standard tillage without cover crop system. Our results suggest that garbanzos and sorghum can be grown under no-till practices in the San Joaquin Valley without loss of yield.

EFFECT OF PREVIOUS CROP RESIDUE ON SOIL SURFACE CARBON DIOXIDE FLUX IN MAIZE

Soil Science ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 172 (8) ◽  
pp. 589-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigid Amos ◽  
Hui Shen ◽  
Timothy J. Arkebauer ◽  
Daniel T. Walters
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Flux ◽  
Surface Carbon ◽  
Previous Crop

Occasional Tillage of No-Till Systems: Carbon Dioxide Flux and Changes in Total and Labile Soil Organic Carbon

2007 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 1158-1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Quincke ◽  
C. S. Wortmann ◽  
M. Mamo ◽  
T. Franti ◽  
R. A. Drijber
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Flux ◽  
No Till ◽  
Labile Soil Organic Carbon

scholarly journals Surface application of gypsum in low acidic Oxisol under no-till cropping system

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Fávero Caires ◽  
Evandro Henrique Gonçalves Maschietto ◽  
Fernando José Garbuio ◽  
Susana Churka ◽  
Hélio Antonio Wood Joris
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Superficial Layer ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Initial Application ◽  
No Till ◽  
Gypsum Application

The conditions in which a favorable response to a gypsum application can be expected on crop yields are not clear. A 3-year field trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of gypsum application on soil chemical attributes and nutrition and yield of corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) on a clayey Typic Hapludox of high fertility and low acidity under no-till in Guarapuava, Parana State, Brazil. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications, and consisted of gypsum application on the soil surface at 4, 8, and 12 Mg ha-1. Gypsum application increased the P content in the soil most superficial layer (0.0 - 0.1 m) and also the exchangeable Ca and S-SO4(2-) contents and the Ca/Mg ratio in the soil profile (0.0 - 0.6 m). Gypsum also caused leaching of Mg and K exchangeable in the soil. An increase in Ca concentrations in the corn leaves, and in P and S concentrations in the corn and soybean leaves occurred following the gypsum application. A yield response of corn to initial application of gypsum was found, but subsequent soybean crops did not respond. Gypsum application proved to be an effective practice to maximize no-till corn grain yield.

scholarly journals Black Plastic Tarps Advance Organic Reduced Tillage II: Impact on Weeds and Beet Yield

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 826-831
Author(s):  
Haley Rylander ◽  
Anusuya Rangarajan ◽  
Ryan M. Maher ◽  
Mark G. Hutton ◽  
Nicholas W. Rowley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
No Till ◽  
Organic Vegetable Production

Organic vegetable farmers rely on intensive tillage to control weeds, incorporate amendments and residues, and prepare seedbeds. Intensive tillage, however, can lead to a decrease in long-term soil health. Placing opaque plastic tarps on the soil surface weeks or months before planting can reduce weed pressure and may facilitate organic reduced tillage strategies, but few studies have documented tarp effects on crop productivity. The effect of tarp duration and tillage intensity on weeds and beet crop yields (cultivar Boro) was evaluated at three locations (Freeville, NY; Riverhead, NY; and Monmouth, ME), for two planting dates and over 2 years (2017 and 2018), resulting in a total of 10 experiments. Tarps were applied for three durations before projected planting dates: 1) 10+ weeks (long), 2) 6 to 8 weeks (mid), and 3) 3 to 5 weeks (short), then compared with an untarped control (none). Three levels of tillage intensity were applied after tarp removal: 1) 10 to 20 cm (conventional till), 2) 3 to 8 cm (reduced till), and 3) left undisturbed (no till), to understand interactions between tillage intensity and tarping. Tarp use of three or more weeks lowered weed biomass for several weeks after beet planting and at-harvest across most locations and years, but tarp duration beyond 3 weeks did not result in further reductions. Tarp use lowered at-harvest weed biomass and increased crop yield for reduced- and no-till systems with results similar to conventional-till. Tarping for 3 weeks could improve the viability of reduced- and no-till approaches for organic vegetable production.

Silica Sol-Gel Microbead Encapsulation as a Novel Delivery Method for Symbiotic Microbes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke Elissiry ◽  
Jingwen Sun ◽  
Ann M. Hirsch ◽  
Chong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Delivery Method ◽  
Hormone Production ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Synthetic Fertilizer ◽  
Inorganic Nanomaterials

Synthetic fertilizer is responsible for the greatly increased crop yields that have enabled worldwide industrialization. However, the production and use of such fertilizers are environmentally unfriendly and unsustainable; synthetic fertilizers are produced via non-renewable resources and fertilizer runoff causes groundwater contamination and eutrophication. A promising alternative to synthetic fertilizer is bacterial inoculation. In this process, a symbiotic relationship is formed between a crop and bacteria species that can fix nitrogen, solubilize phosphorus, and stimulate plant hormone production. The bacteria carrier developed here aims to maintain bacteria viability while in storage, protect bacteria while encapsulated, and provide a sustained and controllable bacterial release. This novel bacterial delivery method utilizes inorganic nanomaterials, silica microbeads, to encapsulate symbiotic bacteria. These microbeads, which were produced with aqueous, non-toxic precursors, are sprayed directly onto crop seeds and solidify on the seeds as a resilient silica matrix. The bacterial release from the carrier was found by submerging coated seeds in solution to simulate degradation in soil environments, measuring the number of bacteria released by the plate count technique, and comparing the carrier to seeds coated only in bacteria. The carrier’s effectiveness to enhance plant growth was determined through greenhouse plant assays with alfalfa (<i>Medicago sativa</i>) plants and the nitrogen-fixing <i>Sinorhizobium meliloti</i> Rm1021 strain. When compared to bacteria-only inoculation, the silica microbead carrier exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) increased holding capacity of viable bacteria and increased plant growth by a similar amount, demonstrating the capability of inorganic nanomaterials for microbial delivery. The carrier presented in this work has potential applications for commercial agriculture and presents an opportunity to further pursue more sustainable agricultural practices.

Silica Sol-Gel Microbead Encapsulation as a Novel Delivery Method for Symbiotic Microbes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke Elissiry ◽  
Jingwen Sun ◽  
Ann M. Hirsch ◽  
Chong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Delivery Method ◽  
Hormone Production ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Synthetic Fertilizer ◽  
Inorganic Nanomaterials

Synthetic fertilizer is responsible for the greatly increased crop yields that have enabled worldwide industrialization. However, the production and use of such fertilizers are environmentally unfriendly and unsustainable; synthetic fertilizers are produced via non-renewable resources and fertilizer runoff causes groundwater contamination and eutrophication. A promising alternative to synthetic fertilizer is bacterial inoculation. In this process, a symbiotic relationship is formed between a crop and bacteria species that can fix nitrogen, solubilize phosphorus, and stimulate plant hormone production. The bacteria carrier developed here aims to maintain bacteria viability while in storage, protect bacteria while encapsulated, and provide a sustained and controllable bacterial release. This novel bacterial delivery method utilizes inorganic nanomaterials, silica microbeads, to encapsulate symbiotic bacteria. These microbeads, which were produced with aqueous, non-toxic precursors, are sprayed directly onto crop seeds and solidify on the seeds as a resilient silica matrix. The bacterial release from the carrier was found by submerging coated seeds in solution to simulate degradation in soil environments, measuring the number of bacteria released by the plate count technique, and comparing the carrier to seeds coated only in bacteria. The carrier’s effectiveness to enhance plant growth was determined through greenhouse plant assays with alfalfa (<i>Medicago sativa</i>) plants and the nitrogen-fixing <i>Sinorhizobium meliloti</i> Rm1021 strain. When compared to bacteria-only inoculation, the silica microbead carrier exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) increased holding capacity of viable bacteria and increased plant growth by a similar amount, demonstrating the capability of inorganic nanomaterials for microbial delivery. The carrier presented in this work has potential applications for commercial agriculture and presents an opportunity to further pursue more sustainable agricultural practices.

HOW CLIMATE CHANGE CAN INFLUENCE THE AGRICULTURE IN UKRAINE: A REVIEW

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Maidanovych ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Average Annual Temperature ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this work is to review and analyze the main results of modern research on the impact of climate change on the agro-sphere of Ukraine. Results. Analysis of research has shown that the effects of climate change on the agro-sphere are already being felt today and will continue in the future. The observed climate changes in recent decades have already significantly affected the shift in the northern direction of all agro-climatic zones of Europe, including Ukraine. From the point of view of productivity of the agro-sphere of Ukraine, climate change will have both positive and negative consequences. The positives include: improving the conditions of formation and reducing the harvesting time of crop yields; the possibility of effective introduction of late varieties (hybrids), which require more thermal resources; improving the conditions for overwintering crops; increase the efficiency of fertilizer application. Model estimates of the impact of climate change on wheat yields in Ukraine mainly indicate the positive effects of global warming on yields in the medium term, but with an increase in the average annual temperature by 2 ° C above normal, grain yields are expected to decrease. The negative consequences of the impact of climate change on the agrosphere include: increased drought during the growing season; acceleration of humus decomposition in soils; deterioration of soil moisture in the southern regions; deterioration of grain quality and failure to ensure full vernalization of grain; increase in the number of pests, the spread of pathogens of plants and weeds due to favorable conditions for their overwintering; increase in wind and water erosion of the soil caused by an increase in droughts and extreme rainfall; increasing risks of freezing of winter crops due to lack of stable snow cover. Conclusions. Resource-saving agricultural technologies are of particular importance in the context of climate change. They include technologies such as no-till, strip-till, ridge-till, which make it possible to partially store and accumulate mulch on the soil surface, reduce the speed of the surface layer of air and contribute to better preservation of moisture accumulated during the autumn-winter period. And in determining the most effective ways and mechanisms to reduce weather risks for Ukrainian farmers, it is necessary to take into account the world practice of climate-smart technologies.

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