Technical and technological aspects of development and testing of new machinery and technologies for agriculture of Ukraine
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Published By Leonid Pogorilyy Ukrainian Scientific Research Institute

2617-3778, 2305-5987

Author(s):  
V. Smolyar ◽  
◽  

The purpose of the research is – develop technological requirements for technical means for pork production on pig farms, adapted to EU standards. Research methods. During the development of technological requirements for mechanization of pork production on pig farms, adapted to EU standards, the basic regulatory documents were used: EU Directive 91/630 of 19.11.1991; EU Directive 2008/120 of 18.12.2008. Technological requirements for mechanization of pork production are formed by the following components: keeping pigs, feeding pigs, watering pigs, removing manure, creating a microclimate, veterinary services. Research results.Technological requirements for mechanization of pork production were developed for the first time in Ukraine. The design of equipment for keeping pigs must provide conditions for keeping animals close to natural. In accordance with EU regulatory requirements, free conditions for keeping animals must be ensured. The technological area of the machine per animal must be at least: 0.15 m2 for pigs with an average live weight of up to 10 kg; 0,2 m2 for pigs with an average live weight of 10 kg to 20 kg; 0,3 m2 for pigs with an average live weight of 20 kg to 30 kg; 0,4 m2 for pigs with an average live weight of 30 kg to 50 kg; 0,55 m2 for pigs with an average live weight of 50 kg to 85 kg; 0,65 m2 for pigs with an average live weight of 85 to 110 kg; 1,0 m2 for pigs with an average live weight of more than 110 kg. Dimensions of individual machines for keeping pigs: width - 60 cm, length - 170 cm, area 1,0 m2; sows - width - 65 cm, length - 190 cm, area 1,2 m2. The number of pigs in the technological group must be at least 6 heads. The minimum technological area for individual keeping of an adult boar should be 6,0-7,5 m2. The technological area of the machine for keeping the breeding boar and sow during mating must be at least 10 m2. Piglets kept near sows should be provided with a comfortable heated area. During group keeping of pigs, their simultaneous access to feed must be ensured. When creating drinking bowls for pigs, it is necessary to take into account the technological requirements regarding the need of pigs for water and its flow rate. Pigs should not be kept in conditions with high excess air temperature and high relative humidity. When creating equipment for pig breeding, it is necessary to take into account the negative impact of air currents in piggeries on animals. It is not allowed to keep pigs constantly in the dark. Conclusions. For the first time in Ukraine, technological requirements for technical means for pork production on pig farms, adapted to EU standards, have been developed, taking into account the following components: keeping, feeding, watering pigs, manure removal, creating a microclimate, veterinary services. Technological requirements will be useful in the creation and implementation of modern machinery and equipment for pig farms.


Author(s):  
V. Chebotarev ◽  
◽  
I. Kruk ◽  
F. Nazarov ◽  
Y. Chigariev ◽  
...  

Summary. This article is dedicated to the subject of designing additional tools for use with reversible ploughs that cuts and loosens topsoil. The aim is to reduce power consumption spent for soil tillage by using reversible ploughs with roller cultivators. Methods. Theoretical and experimental studies of the topsoil movement on the plough’s wing, the mouldboard and beyond. Results. Analysis of the movement of soil particles falling from the top edge of the plough’s moulboard has allowed to obtain analytical dependence for determining the size range of soil particles based on the geometry of the working surface of the plough’s body (distance from the soil surface to the top edge of the mouldboard, the angles of the edge of the mouldboard) and the kinematic parameters of the soil (speed of the plough and roller cultivator, soil particles speed on the edge of mouldboard, soil particles descent time). A research, on the movement of the soil particles, on the mouldboard surface of the plough's body is presented. The section through the mouldboard perpendicular to the wing of the plough is described by the equation of the "inverted" cycloid and based on it the dependences have been obtained to determine the kinematic parameters of the movement of the soil particles on the surface of the plough’s body, depending on the mouldboard type and properties of the soil. Results obtained in this article allow to design the roller cultivators for reversible ploughs with determined parameters of installation, in which the power consumption costs of the plowing process will be minimal. Conclusions. Obtained analytical dependences, that determine kinematic and technological parameters of the soil movement on the working surface of the plow, the section through the orthogonal wing that has the form of an "inverted"cycloid, the variable design and technological parameters of the plough and the conditions of its operation, allowing to justify the installation parameters of the roller cultivator relative to the plough, taking into account the proposed correction ratio, which depends on the mechanical properties of the soil and its structure.


Author(s):  
L. Shustik ◽  
◽  
V. Pogoriliy ◽  
T. Gaidai ◽  
S. Stepchenko ◽  
...  

Abstract. The purpose of the research is to analyze the design features and parameters of grinding knives to compare the intensity of loss of cutting ability of each of the models of knives depending on the load cycles. Methods and materials. Conduct an analytical inspection and instrumental studies of the blades of grinding rollers type KR with different design features. Carry out bench accelerated tests based on the cyclic impact load of the knife fragment due to falling on the simulator of wear cycles and check the residual cutting capacity on the cutting simulator. Justify the coefficient of acceleration of tests as a derivative of hardness and density of the simulator, as well as the ratio of the energy of the fall of the knife fragment on the stand and its rotational motion in the field. Statistical analysis of experimental data was performed by analysis of variance and interpreted by standard computer programs Excel in the form of graphs. Results. Analyzing the proposed method for determining the intensity of loss of cutting ability of the knife when it falls on the simulator of plant debris allowed to rank different models and establish their relative resource. Unhardened models of both 45 and 30MnB5 Steel provide low life and their residual cutting ability is only 15-25% compared to hardened models. Analyzing the research results, the hardened model of a knife made of 45 Steel withstands 4 times more load cycles compared to unhardened models, but is inferior to the hardened model of Steel 30MnB5 (borista), which has the highest resource. Even after 150 load cycles (in terms of the work of a roller with a width of 12.5 m - operating time of more than 1000 ha), it retains more than 55% of the initial cutting ability, which is characterized by low intensity of its loss. Conclusions. According to the tests of the intensity of loss of cutting ability of knives, the most acceptable option for the equipment of roller-shredders is a hardened model made of 30MnB5 Steel (borista), which has the highest resource.


Author(s):  
T. Tsema ◽  
◽  
S. Afanasieva ◽  
S. Ryzhkova

The purpose of the study is to analyse the quantitative and qualitative composition of registered and registered in Ukraine in 2020 agricultural and forestry tractors (hereinafter - tractors) and to identify areas for improvement of technical regulatory elements for their commissioning and operation. Research methods. The methodological basis of the work is the analysis and generalization of data on registered and registered tractors, as well as certain elements of technical regulation (technical regulations, standards, procedures for assessment and confirmation of conformity). Results. To summarize the structure of data on tractors, an analysis of their quantitative and qualitative composition, namely new (2018-2020 years of production) and first commissioned in 2020 in Ukraine wheeled and tracked tractors, based on the report of the State Food and Consumer Service of Ukraine for 2020 [Register ( open data), 2020]. The results of the analysis showed that for the first time in Ukraine mostly new tractors are registered (96 %) and only about 4 % - imported, used tractors. Analysis of the distribution of registered new tractors by origin showed that about 60 % of new tractors are Chinese tractors, the vast majority of which are small tractors, about 22 % ― Belarusian production, domestic serial tractors are a small percentage ― within 6 %. Some elements of technical regulation used for putting into operation and operation of tractors in terms of their efficiency (technical regulations, procedures for confirmation of conformity and registration) are analysed. The results of the research are generalized and the directions of improvement of the elements of technical regulation on the commissioning and operation of tractors in Ukraine are determined. Conclusions. Taking into account the results of research on the structure and origin of tractors placed on the market and put into operation in Ukraine, analysis of the provisions of current regulations, it is determined that the issue of putting into operation and operation of single models of tractors, agricultural and forestry trailers remains unresolved. , trailer vehicles (hereinafter - vehicles), in particular the type of which is not approved in Ukraine, as well as used, converted, etc. Therefore, the current technical legislation governing the introduction of mass-produced vehicles covered by the Technical Regulation approving the type of agricultural and forestry tractors, their trailers and replaceable trailers, systems, components and individual technical units [CMU Resolution № 1367 of 28.12.2011] (hereinafter ― the Technical Regulation of type approval 1367/2011) must be supplemented by regulations, which establish the requirements and procedures for confirming the conformity of individual models of vehicles. This will allow for a more complete settlement of the issue of admission to traffic of safe vehicles.


Author(s):  
V. Smolyar ◽  

The purpose of the research is – to develop requirements for creating comfortable conditions for keeping farm animals, taking into account EU standards, during milk production on farms. Research methods. During the development of requirements for the creation of comfortable conditions for keeping farm animals, taking into account EU standards, in the process of milk production on farms used the following basic regulations: Council Directive 98/58/EU, Council Directive 91/629/EU, Council Directive 92/46/EU, Commission Directive 89/362/EC. Requirements in the field of milk production, adapted to EU standards, are systematized by the following components: keeping, feeding, watering animals, milking cows, milk cooling, manure removal, creating a microclimate, veterinary care. Research results. In practice, during milk production it is necessary to create free, comfortable conditions for keeping cattle. Convenient access of service personnel to the place of calving of cows should be provided. In the conditions of the maternity ward, the technological areas should be 8-10 m² per cow. Young cattle, including calves, should be provided with a clean and dry rest area, protected from drafts. According to EU regulations, calves up to eight weeks of age can be kept in individual cages or in group cages. According to EU Council Directive 97/2, calves older than 8 weeks of age are kept only in group cages. In accordance with the EU Directive 97/2 technological areas for keeping young cattle with a live weight of up to 150 kg - must be at least 1,5 m² / head., Live weight 150 - 220 kg – 1,7 m² / head., Live weight 220 kg and more – 1,8 m² / goal. Technological areas for keeping animals with a live weight of 200 to 500 kg - from 2,7 to 4,7 m² / goal. The feeding front for young cattle with a live weight of 200 to 500 kg is from 0,4 to 0,6 m / goal. The technological area in the section per cow must be at least 6 m² / head. Rational sizes of boxes for rest of cows: width 1,2 m, length (near a wall) - 2,6 m, length (in paired boxes) - 2,45 m, height of a protection of a box - 1,1 ± 0,05 m, an inclination boxing floor towards the manure passage 5 ± 1%, the height of the boxing floor above the level of the manure passage 0,2 – 0,25 m. The width of the rest area of cows must be at least 6 m. In accordance with EU Council Directive 98/58 must be provided free access of animals to feeders and feed. EU Commission Decision 97/182 states that priority should be given to the feeding of whole milk substitutes when feeding calves. A feeding front for cows must be provided – 0,7 ± 0,05 m. In accordance with EU Council Directive 98/58, free access of animals to drinking troughs and water must be ensured. According to European standards, the total bacterial contamination of milk should be - ≤ 300 thousand KUO / cm³, the number of somatic cells in milk - ≤ 400 thousand /cm³. Drainage of wastewater from milking parlors, household premises of the farm is carried out using a separate from the manure removal system - sewer system. The bactericidal phase of fresh milk is 4 hours, no later than this period you need to start processing milk into dairy products. The depth of the manure channel in the livestock building should be 8 - 20 cm, the sides of which are located at right angles to the surface of the channel. The minimum width of the manure passage for cows should be 2,7 m. An acceptable level of air temperature for cows during the year from minus 10 °C to + 25 °C at a relative humidity of up to 80 %. Periodically carry out preventive veterinary measures, weighing animals, trimming the hooves of limbs in cows 2-4 times a year, monthly examination of cows for mastitis using mastitis detectors. Conclusions. For the first time in Ukraine, requirements have been developed to create comfortable conditions for keeping farm animals, taking into account EU standards, during milk production on farms. Requirements adapted to EU standards in the field of milk production are systematized by the following components: keeping, feeding, watering dairy cattle, milking cows, cooling milk, manure removal, creating a microclimate, veterinary care.


Author(s):  
N. Maidanovych ◽  
◽  
R. Saidak

The aim of this work is to highlight the algorithm and results of modeling the average regional levels of cereals and legumes yields in some regions of Ukraine (Odessa region for example) using remote data, which used the vegetation index VHI. Methods. Model calculations were performed according to the productivity of cereals and legumes in Odessa region for 2011-2020 and the vegetation index VHI for the same period. VHI products received from NOAA STAR - Global Vegetation Health Products system (4 km resolution, 7-day composite). The relationship between VHI and cereals and legumes yields was assessed by correlation-regression analysis. Results. Statistically significant relationships between VHI and cereals and legumes yields levels in Odessa region with a correlation coefficient of 0.8- 0.9 in the period from April to July were establish. Regression dependences for early forecast of сereals and legumes yields (as of the end of April and May) were established using VHI for 16 and 20 weeks (from the beginning of the year). The correlation coefficient between the actual yield Ufact and the model values is 0.93 for Ufor(16) and 0.89 for Ufor(20). The forecast error did not exceed 10 % for Ufor(16) in 70 % of cases, and for Ufor(20) – in 80 % of cases. Conclusions. The authors established regression dependences for the early forecast (as of the end of April and May) of cereals and legumes yields in Odesa region using the region-averaged vegetation indices VHI for 16 and 20 weeks from the beginning of the year. This algorithm can be used to build model ratios for calculating crop yields for different regions of Ukraine and separately for different crops.


Author(s):  
V. Smolyar ◽  
◽  
V. Rozhenko

Abstract The purpose of the research is – to evaluate the milking platform of "Yalynka" ("Herringbone") "EuroClass 1200" type manufactured by "GEA" (Germany) for milking cows based on the results of experimental testing. Research methods. During the testing of the milking parlor "Yalynka" "EuroClass 1200" type the quality of the technological process was determined using the methods described in ISO 5707:2007, ISO 6690:2007, DSTU 7435:2013 and DSTU 3662:2018, operational-technological and economic evaluation was carried out according to DSTU 8424:2015 and DSTU 4397:2005, safety and ergonomics of the equipment were determined according to DSTU EN ISO 12100:2014. Research results. According to the results of experimental testing, it was established that the milking parlor "Yalinka" "EuroClass 1200" type of German production at the appropriate level performs the technological process of machine milking of cows. The obtained research results showed that the average total milking time of one cow is 5,07 minutes, the average intensity of milk excretion as a whole during milking – 2,35 kg / min. Milk obtained during milking cows in terms of quality corresponds to the grade "Extra" in accordance with DSTU 3662: 2018. Devices for controlling the process of milking cows "DemaTron 70" and computer herd management system "Dairy Plan C21" perform the technological process of milking cows in automatic mode, control over the implementation of technical parameters of the milking process, milk accounting and shutdown of milking machines. Based on the results of conformity assessment of the construction of the milking parlor "Yalinka" "EuroClass 1200" type in terms of safety and ergonomics, it is established that it meets the requirements of DSTU EN 12100: 2014 and DSTU 60204-1: 2015 for items related to its design, which is the evidence base of its compliance with the Technical Regulations for the Safety of Machinery and the Technical Regulations for Low-Voltage Electrical Equipment. Productivity of the milking installation-platform makes 70 heads / hour. Serves the milking parlor 2 operators of machine milking. Electricity consumption per milking a cow is 0,13 kWh. Annual operating costs are 4247 UAH / head in the conditions of 3 times milking of cows. Conclusions. For the first time in Ukraine, experimental testing of the milking parlor "Yalinka" "EuroClass 1200" type showed that the equipment satisfactorily performs the technological process of machine milking of cows with their loose housing and provides milk of the "Extra" grade. The «Euroclass 1200» «Yalinka» milking parlor is characterized by a high technical level and can be widely used in Ukraine.


Author(s):  
V. Sidorenko ◽  

Summary. The article presents the results of research on the technology of compatible introduction of mineral fertilizers with irrigation water of sprinkling machines and testing equipment for fertigation. The purpose of research - technological analysis of various types of equipment for combining fertilizer, which is used in the production practice of S.-G. Manufacturers, definition of their basic operational and technological indicators and efficiency of using fertigation technology. Research methods: theoretical, empirical - analysis of information resources, analysis of the practice of using fertigation; laboratory-field tests for information data. using measurements and experiments. Research results. The traditional methods of fertilizing - superficial and local, in particular, the disadvantages of their use are analyzed. It was noted that one of the ways of intensifying irrigated agriculture, in which the requirements for the effective use of fertilizers and reducing resource costs are multipurpose use of irrigation equipment, namely combining irrigation with fertilizers along with irrigation water. The high efficacy of fertigation is established, which is determined by the fact that the fertilizers in an easily accessible form can be introduced at those stages of plant development when they are most required. In this case, a more uniform distribution of fertilizers in the area is provided, the coefficient of their use increases, improves the quality of products, increases yield. In Ukraine there is no production of appropriate equipment for fertimation and S.-G. Manufacturers have to use for this Equipment for foreign production. In 2017-2020, testing equipment for fertigation used by Ukrainian S.-G. Manufacturers: ITL SL, Spain, Inject-O-Mfg.S., Agri-Inject, Inc. » USA. The conducted studies on the introduction of liquid fertilizer CAS showed that the parameters of the dispenser pump and other components of the test equipment provide fertilizers with irrigation water according to their desired norm. The work of the pump-dispenser does not significantly affect the pressure-consuming characteristics of the rainy machine. The use of CAS increases the technological equipment of equipment, reduces energy intensity and labor intensity of its work due to the absence of a technological operation of the preparation of a mother liquor. Conclusions. The established effectiveness of the technological operation of fertility using test equipment allows a steadily process with the appointment indicators, the quality of work and reliability that satisfy the requirements for the technological process of fertilizing with irrigation water.


Author(s):  
V. Dumych ◽  
◽  
O. Krupych

The purpose of research is determination of an effective soil cultivation method that will create favorable soil conditions for plant growth and development, accumulation of crop seeds and provides high economic efficiency of culture growing on sod-podzolic soils in the Western region of Ukraine. Research methods - hypothesis, experiment, field observation, laboratory, visual and comparative calculation. Research results. The scheme of the experiment involved studying the impact on yield and efficiency of soybean cultivation of the following factors: – factor A (soil type): a) turf deeply gley sandy; b) sod-slightly podzolic sandy loam; – factor B (tillage): a) traditional (plowing with a reversible mounted plow PON-5/4 to a depth of 25 cm); b) mulching (disking in two tracks with a harrow BDV-3.6 to a depth of 15 cm). The plow and the disc harrow were aggregated with HTZ-150 K tractors According to the quality scores, the turf deeply gleyed sandy soil of plot I by all criteria prevails over similar parameters of sod-slightly podzolic sandy soil of plot II, which indicates its higher fertility. The agrochemical score of the soil in plot I is 56 and is higher than in plot II, where it is equal to 37 points. In the area and density of the stem in the gathering period was 1.7-1.9 pcs./m2 greater compared to this indicator in the II site. On the site and plants grew better and evolved. Biological yield on the site and amounted to 1.77-2.01 t/ha and was greater than in the II region by 41.6 % and 43.6 %. According to the results of research, deterioration of grain performance in variant with mulk treatment is also noted. Biological yield of seeds in areas with traditional treatments was 13.6 % and 12.0 % more comparable to variants of mulum grinding. In section I, the density of stems during the harvest period was 1.7-1.9 units/m2 higher compared to this indicator in section II. In the area I plants grew and developed better. Biological yield in plot I was 1.77-2.01 t/ha and was higher than in plot II by 41.6 % and 43.6 %. According to the results of the research, the deterioration of grain productivity indicators in the variant with mulching was also noted. Biological yield of seeds in areas with traditional tillage was 13.6% and 12.0% higher compared to mulching options. According to research, it can be stated that soil fertility has a greater impact on soybean grain productivity than tillage systems. The costs of growing soybeans, depending on the type and mechanical composition of the soil and the method of tillage ranged from 18860 to 19735 UAH / ha. Higher tillage costs were obtained in section I, which was characterized by heavier mechanical composition of gley soils. However, the soils of plot I have higher fertility and optimal acidity, which allowed to obtain higher grain productivity than in plot II – 1.77-1.01 t/ha against 1.25-1.40 t/ha. Due to higher yields, the unit cost of production in section I was 9818-10765 UAH/t and was lower by 4019-4323 UAH/t compared to section II. Conclusions. The use of traditional tillage requires higher costs, but due to higher yields, and hence the growth of income from the sale of seeds, greater profits and the level of profitability of production. Therefore, it should be noted that in the conditions of Western Ukraine, the traditional method of tillage based on plowing is a more effective method than mulching.


Author(s):  
N. Pishchanska ◽  
◽  
V. Belchenko ◽  
V. Targony

Abstract. Energy-efficient systems that will enable the implementation of abiotic conditions - important components of adaptive technologies, such as air temperature, relative humidity, air mobility, lighting levels, etc., must meet the requirements of environmental friendliness and minimize economic and energy costs. This requires the use of modern energy efficient technologies, equipment and devices. The purpose of the research is the development of a system for providing abiotic factors in the implementation of adaptive technologies for crops of guaranteed quality, characterized by resource savings and environmental safety. Methods. Analysis of the introduction of technologies and equipment in the process of cultivation of uterine entomocultures, which will increase the efficiency of technological processes of entomoproduction production. Results. The key abiotic factors in adaptive technologies of cultivation of uterine cultures are determined. Technologies, equipment and devices for their provision are studied and the initial requirements to the energy efficient systems consisting of them are formed. Conclusions. The analysis showed the advantages of using film contact devices and ultrasonic ones for energy treatment in adaptive technologies of cultivation of uterine entomocultures in terms of energy efficiency by almost 20% and efficiency by 15%. To ensure the required type and level of lighting, it is recommended to use incandescent lamps and LED lamps. Nozzles with nozzles and perforated panels are defined as distributive elements for air supply, which will almost double the efficiency of using the potential of the air prepared by the microclimate system.


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