On Some Twisted Chevalley Groups Over Laurent Polynomial Rings

1981 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 1182-1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Morita
Keyword(s):  
Lie Algebra ◽  
Rational Numbers ◽  
Laurent Polynomial ◽  
Cartan Matrix ◽  
Polynomial Rings ◽  
Complex Numbers ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Defining Relations ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Generalized Cartan Matrix

We let Z denote the ring of rational integers, Q the field of rational numbers, R the field of real numbers, and C the field of complex numbers.For elements e and f of a Lie algebra, [e,f] denotes the bracket of e and f. A generalized Cartan matrix C = (cij) is a square matrix of integers satisfying cii = 2, cij ≦ 0 if i ≠ j, cij = 0 if and only if cji = 0. For any generalized Cartan matrix C = (cij) of size l × l and for any field F of characteristic zero, denotes the Lie algebra over F generated by 3l generators e1, …, el, h1, …, hl, f1, …, fl with the defining relationsfor all i, j,for distinct i, j.

Unbounded Positive Definite Functions

1969 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 1309-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Abelian Group ◽  
Positive Measure ◽  
Positive Definite Function ◽  
Positive Definite ◽  
Locally Compact Abelian Group ◽  
Definite Function ◽  
Complex Numbers ◽  
Stieltjes Transform ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Image Position

Let G be an abelian group, written additively. A complexvalued function ƒ, defined on G, is said to be positive definite if the inequality1holds for every choice of complex numbers C1, …, cn and S1, …, sn in G. It follows directly from (1) that every positive definite function is bounded. Weil (9, p. 122) and Raïkov (5) proved that every continuous positive definite function on a locally compact abelian group is the Fourier-Stieltjes transform of a bounded positive measure, thus generalizing theorems of Herglotz (4) (G = Z, the integers) and Bochner (1) (G = R, the real numbers).If ƒ is a continuous function, then condition (1) is equivalent to the condition that2

Euclidean Lie Algebras

1969 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 1432-1454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert V. Moody
Keyword(s):  
Lie Algebra ◽  
Lie Algebras ◽  
Characteristic Zero ◽  
Cartan Matrix ◽  
Simple Lie Algebras ◽  
Finite Dimensional ◽  
Generalized Cartan Matrix

Our aim in this paper is to study a certain class of Lie algebras which arose naturally in (4). In (4), we showed that beginning with an indecomposable symmetrizable generalized Cartan matrix (A ij) and a field Φ of characteristic zero, we could construct a Lie algebra E((A ij)) over Φ patterned on the finite-dimensional split simple Lie algebras. We were able to show that E((A ij)) is simple providing that (A ij) does not fall in the list given in (4, Table). We did not prove the converse, however.The diagrams of the table of (4) appear in Table 2. Call the matrices that they represent Euclidean matrices and their corresponding algebras Euclidean Lie algebras. Our first objective is to show that Euclidean Lie algebras are not simple.

Symmetrizable Intersection Matrix Lie Algebras

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (04) ◽  
pp. 639-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mang Xu ◽  
Liangang Peng
Keyword(s):  
Lie Algebra ◽  
Lie Algebras ◽  
Cartan Matrix ◽  
Intersection Matrix ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Generalized Cartan Matrix

Associated to every symmetrizable generalized intersection matrix A, we define a Lie algebra, called an SIM-Lie algebra. We prove that SIM-Lie algebras keep unchange under braid-equivalences. Two special cases are considered. In the case when A is a symmetrizable generalized Cartan matrix, we show that the corresponding SIM-Lie algebra is just the Kac–Moody Lie algebra. In another case when A is an intersection matrix, we prove that the corresponding SIM-Lie algebra is just the intersection matrix Lie algebra in the sense of Slodowy.

HEAT KERNEL METHOD FOR THE LEVI-CIVITÁ EQUATION IN DISTRIBUTIONS AND HYPERFUNCTIONS

2015 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-93
Author(s):  
JAEYOUNG CHUNG ◽  
PRASANNA K. SAHOO
Keyword(s):  
Functional Equation ◽  
Stability Problem ◽  
Kernel Method ◽  
Functional Inequality ◽  
Complex Numbers ◽  
Ulam Stability ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Positive Real ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Ulam Stability Problem

Let$G$be a commutative group and$\mathbb{C}$the field of complex numbers,$\mathbb{R}^{+}$the set of positive real numbers and$f,g,h,k:G\times \mathbb{R}^{+}\rightarrow \mathbb{C}$. In this paper, we first consider the Levi-Civitá functional inequality$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle |f(x+y,t+s)-g(x,t)h(y,s)-k(y,s)|\leq {\rm\Phi}(t,s),\quad x,y\in G,t,s>0, & & \displaystyle \nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$where${\rm\Phi}:\mathbb{R}^{+}\times \mathbb{R}^{+}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{+}$is a symmetric decreasing function in the sense that${\rm\Phi}(t_{2},s_{2})\leq {\rm\Phi}(t_{1},s_{1})$for all$0<t_{1}\leq t_{2}$and$0<s_{1}\leq s_{2}$. As an application, we solve the Hyers–Ulam stability problem of the Levi-Civitá functional equation$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle u\circ S-v\otimes w-k\circ {\rm\Pi}\in {\mathcal{D}}_{L^{\infty }}^{\prime }(\mathbb{R}^{2n})\quad [\text{respectively}\;{\mathcal{A}}_{L^{\infty }}^{\prime }(\mathbb{R}^{2n})] & & \displaystyle \nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$in the space of Gelfand hyperfunctions, where$u,v,w,k$are Gelfand hyperfunctions,$S(x,y)=x+y,{\rm\Pi}(x,y)=y,x,y\in \mathbb{R}^{n}$, and$\circ$,$\otimes$,${\mathcal{D}}_{L^{\infty }}^{\prime }(\mathbb{R}^{2n})$and${\mathcal{A}}_{L^{\infty }}^{\prime }(\mathbb{R}^{2n})$denote pullback, tensor product and the spaces of bounded distributions and bounded hyperfunctions, respectively.

Complex homogeneous linear forms

1956 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Complex Space ◽  
Rational Numbers ◽  
Quadratic Equation ◽  
Complex Numbers ◽  
Geometry Of Numbers ◽  
Systematic Method ◽  
Linear Forms ◽  
Rings Of Integers ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Homogeneous Linear

Let Z, Q, C denote respectively the ring of rational integers, the field of rational numbers and the field of complex numbers. Minkowski (4) solved the problem of minimizingfor x, y ∈ Z(i) or Z(ρ), where a, b, c, d ∈ C have fixed determinant Δ ≠ 0. Here ρ = exp 2/3πi, and Z(i) and Z(p) are the rings of integers in Q(i) and Q(ρ) respectively. In fact he found the best possible resultsfor Z(i), andfor Z(ρ), wherewhile Buchner (1) used Minkowski's method to show thatfor Z(i√2). Hlawka(3) has also proved (1·2), and Cassels, Ledermann and Mahler (2) have proved both (1·2) and (1·3). In a paper being prepared jointly by H. P. F. Swinnerton-Dyer and the author, general problems of the geometry of numbers in complex space are discussed and a systematic method given for solving the above problem for all complex quadratic fields Q(ϑ). Here, ϑ is a non-real number satisfying. an irreduc7ible quadratic equation with rational coefficients. The above problem is solved in detail for Q(i√5), for whichand the ‘critical forms’ can be reduced to

scholarly journals Minimum Rank of Matrices Described by a Graph or Pattern over the Rational, Real and Complex Numbers

10.37236/749 ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Avi Berman ◽  
Shmuel Friedland ◽  
Leslie Hogben ◽  
Uriel G. Rothblum ◽  
Bryan Shader
Keyword(s):  
Computational Complexity ◽  
Rational Numbers ◽  
Complex Numbers ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Minimum Rank ◽  
The Real ◽  
Sign Patterns ◽  
Symmetric Patterns

We use a technique based on matroids to construct two nonzero patterns $Z_1$ and $Z_2$ such that the minimum rank of matrices described by $Z_1$ is less over the complex numbers than over the real numbers, and the minimum rank of matrices described by $Z_2$ is less over the real numbers than over the rational numbers. The latter example provides a counterexample to a conjecture by Arav, Hall, Koyucu, Li and Rao about rational realization of minimum rank of sign patterns. Using $Z_1$ and $Z_2$, we construct symmetric patterns, equivalent to graphs $G_1$ and $G_2$, with the analogous minimum rank properties. We also discuss issues of computational complexity related to minimum rank.

Multiplicative norms on Banach algebras

1951 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Banach Algebras ◽  
Real Field ◽  
Complex Numbers ◽  
Normed Algebra ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
The Real ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Real Quaternions

1. Mazur(1) has shown that any normed algebra A over the real field in which the norm is multiplicative in the sense thatis equivalent (i.e. algebraically isomorphic and isometric under one and the same mapping) to one of the following algebras: (i) the real numbers, (ii) the complex numbers, (iii) the real quaternions, each of these sets being regarded as normed algebras over the real field. Completeness of A is not assumed by Mazur. A relevant discussion is given also in Lorch (2).

What's Between Q and R

1967 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 308-314
Author(s):  
James Fey
Keyword(s):  
Mathematics Instruction ◽  
Rational Numbers ◽  
Complex Numbers ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Natural Numbers ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
The Real ◽  
Number Systems ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Structure Properties

Among the objectives of school mathematics instruction, one of the most important is to develop understanding of the structure, properties, and evolution of the number systems. The student who knows the need for, and the technique of, each extension from the natural numbers through the complex numbers has a valuable insight into mathematics. Of the steps in the development, that from the rational numbers to the real numbers is the trickiest.

Arithmetical definability of field elements

1951 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael M. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Zero ◽  
Rational Numbers ◽  
Free Variable ◽  
The Other ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Algebraic Numbers ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Fourth Root ◽  
Arithmetical Condition ◽  
Image Position

If F is a field, and α is an element of F, we say that α is arithmetically definable in F if there is a formula containing one free variable and any number of bound variables, involving only the concepts of elementary logic and the operations of addition and multiplication, which is satisfied by α and by no other element of F. The range of the bound variables is understood to be F. Without changing the sense of the above definition, we can allow in our formulas symbols for specific integers, or even (if F has characteristic zero) symbols for specific rational numbers, since these are arithmetically definable.As an example, consider the field F = R(2¼), obtained by adjoining the positive fourth root of 2 to the field R of rationals. Notice that 2¼ is not defined arithmetically by the formula x2 = 2, since this equation has two roots in F.However, 2¼ may be defined arithmetically by the equivalencewhere we have used the logical symbols ↔ (if and only if), ∨ (there exists), and ∧ (and). For the equation y4 = 2 is satisfied by no elements of F except y = ±2¼, and in both cases y2 = 2¼. On the other hand, 2¼ is not arithmetically definable in F, since there is an automorphism of F which takes 2¼ into −2¼, so that every arithmetical condition satisfied by 2¼ is also satisfied by −2¼.In any field F, a necessary condition for the arithmetical definability of an element α is that α should be fixed for all automorphisms of F. That this condition is not always sufficient is shown by considering the field of real numbers. Here there is no automorphism but the identity, but there can of course be but a denumerable infinity of arithmetically definable real numbers. Tarski has shown that only the algebraic numbers are arithmetically definable.

Inverse spectral problems for compact Hankel operators

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Gérard ◽  
Sandrine Grellier
Keyword(s):  
Explicit Formula ◽  
Singular Values ◽  
Hankel Operators ◽  
Compact Operators ◽  
Unique Sequence ◽  
Complex Numbers ◽  
Inverse Spectral Problems ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Sigma 1 ◽  
Image Position

AbstractGiven two arbitrary sequences $({\lambda }_{j} )_{j\geq 1} $ and $({\mu }_{j} )_{j\geq 1} $ of real numbers satisfying $$\begin{eqnarray*}\displaystyle \vert {\lambda }_{1} \vert \gt \vert {\mu }_{1} \vert \gt \vert {\lambda }_{2} \vert \gt \vert {\mu }_{2} \vert \gt \cdots \gt \vert {\lambda }_{j} \vert \gt \vert {\mu }_{j} \vert \rightarrow 0, &&\displaystyle\end{eqnarray*}$$ we prove that there exists a unique sequence $c= ({c}_{n} )_{n\in { \mathbb{Z} }_{+ } } $, real valued, such that the Hankel operators ${\Gamma }_{c} $ and ${\Gamma }_{\tilde {c} } $ of symbols $c= ({c}_{n} )_{n\geq 0} $ and $\tilde {c} = ({c}_{n+ 1} )_{n\geq 0} $, respectively, are selfadjoint compact operators on ${\ell }^{2} ({ \mathbb{Z} }_{+ } )$ and have the sequences $({\lambda }_{j} )_{j\geq 1} $ and $({\mu }_{j} )_{j\geq 1} $, respectively, as non-zero eigenvalues. Moreover, we give an explicit formula for $c$ and we describe the kernel of ${\Gamma }_{c} $ and of ${\Gamma }_{\tilde {c} } $ in terms of the sequences $({\lambda }_{j} )_{j\geq 1} $ and $({\mu }_{j} )_{j\geq 1} $. More generally, given two arbitrary sequences $({\rho }_{j} )_{j\geq 1} $ and $({\sigma }_{j} )_{j\geq 1} $ of positive numbers satisfying $$\begin{eqnarray*}\displaystyle {\rho }_{1} \gt {\sigma }_{1} \gt {\rho }_{2} \gt {\sigma }_{2} \gt \cdots \gt {\rho }_{j} \gt {\sigma }_{j} \rightarrow 0, &&\displaystyle\end{eqnarray*}$$ we describe the set of sequences $c= ({c}_{n} )_{n\in { \mathbb{Z} }_{+ } } $ of complex numbers such that the Hankel operators ${\Gamma }_{c} $ and ${\Gamma }_{\tilde {c} } $ are compact on ${\ell }^{2} ({ \mathbb{Z} }_{+ } )$ and have sequences $({\rho }_{j} )_{j\geq 1} $ and $({\sigma }_{j} )_{j\geq 1} $, respectively, as non-zero singular values.

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