Do Professional Soccer Players have a Vitamin D Status Supporting Optimal Performance in Winter time?

The prevalence of seasonal variation in vitamin D status was examined in 20 FA Premier League soccer players residing at a latitude of 53°N. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels decreased (P < 0.001) between August (104.4 ± 21.1 nmol·L–1, range 68–151) and December (51.0 ± 19.0 nmol·L–1, range 22–86), such that levels for 65% of the sample were insufficient (<50 nmol·L–1) in winter. Strategies to augment vitamin D3 availability may therefore be advantageous for UK soccer players so as to maintain muscle function.

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Influence of Sunlight and Oral D3 Supplementation on Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Exercise Performance in Elite Soccer Players

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12051311 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 1311

Author(s):

Małgorzata Magdalena Michalczyk ◽

Artur Gołaś ◽

Adam Maszczyk ◽

Piotr Kaczka ◽

Adam Zając

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Sun Exposure ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Vitamin D Supplementation ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Total Testosterone ◽

High Dose ◽

Professional Soccer ◽

Before And After ◽

D 12

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of natural sun exposure and six weeks of a high dose of vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D, testosterone and cortisol serum concentrations as well as speed, power and VO2max in professional soccer players. Materials: The study was conducted from January to September. At the beginning of the study, 33 professional soccer players were enrolled; however, only 28 subjects (height 181.5 cm; body mass 77.81 ± 8.8 kg; body fat 12.38% ± 2.4% and muscle mass 40.27 ± 5.3 kg) completed the study. The research consisted of three stages. The first one, lasting 10 days, was conducted in January during a training camp in the south part of Cyprus at a latitude of 34 33°, where participants experienced natural sun exposure; it was called a winter sun exposure (WSE) period. The second stage, which was a supplementation period (SP), lasted 6 weeks, during which all subjects were randomly assigned either to an experimental group—EG (n = 15)—or a placebo group—PG (n = 13)—and were administered 6000 IU/d cholecalciferol or a placebo, respectively. The third stage took place in September, after summertime (summer sun exposure—SSE). The data of the 25(OH)D, free and total testosterone (fT, tT), cortisol as well as 5 and 30 m sprint tests (STs), power of the left leg (PLL) and VO2max were evaluated before and after the WSE period, the SP and SSE. Results: In January, the baseline value of vitamin D in 12 subjects was ≤20 ng/mL, and 14 of them had levels between 20–30 ng/mL and 2 individuals >30 ng/mL. After the WSE period, significant changes in 25(OH)D, fT, tT and cortisol concentration, as well as in the 5 m ST, were observed. After the SP, in the EG, significant changes were found in 25(OH)D, fT, tT and the 5 m ST. Furthermore, a positive correlation between the concentration of 25(OH) fT and tT was observed. After SSE, 2 out of 28 players had <20 ng/mL 25(OH)D, 12 of them had 25(OH)D between 20 and 30 ng/mL and 14 of them had 25(OH)D between 30 and 50 ng/mL. Significant differences in 25(OH)D, fT, tT concentration and the 5 m ST performance were observed following SSE compared with the WSE period. Conclusion: Due to the serum level of 25(OH)D demonstrated by most participants at the beginning of the study and after summertime, all-year-round supplementation with high doses of vitamin D seems to be a reasonable solution to enhance high 25(OH)D concentration in blood and physical performance. In the middle of the winter, almost half of the soccer players were serum deficient of 25(OH)D. After ten days of sun exposure and 6 weeks of vitamin D supplementation, the concentration of 25(OH)D significantly increased, as did testosterone and results in the 5 m sprint test also improved. Therefore, athletes should be constantly monitored for serum levels of 25(OH)D throughout the year and should be supplemented if deficiencies or insufficient amounts of this vitamin occur.

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Circannual rhythm of plasmatic vitamin D levels and the association with markers of psychophysical stress in a cohort of Italian professional soccer players

Chronobiology International ◽

10.1080/07420528.2017.1297820 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 471-479 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Giovanni Lombardi ◽

Jacopo Antonino Vitale ◽

Sergio Logoluso ◽

Giovanni Logoluso ◽

Nino Cocco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Circannual Rhythm ◽

Professional Soccer ◽

Vitamin D Levels

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Vitamin D Status in Soccer Players with Skeletal Muscle Injury

Turkish Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.5152/tjsm.2018.096 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

pp. 94-100

Author(s):

Gurhan Donmez ◽

◽

S. Seyma Torgutalp ◽

Naila Babayeva ◽

Melda Pelin Yargic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Muscle Injury ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

Skeletal Muscle Injury

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Vitamin D and Exercise Performance in Professional Soccer Players

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0101659 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. e101659 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Nikolaos E. Koundourakis ◽

Nikolaos E. Androulakis ◽

Niki Malliaraki ◽

Andrew N. Margioris

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Exercise Performance ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Professional Soccer

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Vitamin D status among youth soccer players; association with chronological age, maturity status, jumping and sprinting performance

Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Kinanthropology ◽

10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-14 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ivan Peric ◽

Barbara Gilic ◽

Mateo Blazevic

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Winter Season ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Chronological Age ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

Youth Soccer ◽

Jump Test ◽

Vitamin D Levels ◽

Biological Maturity

Purpose: Vitamin D is known to have a significant role in numerous body-system processes. Specifically, it has an impact on muscle functioning and, therefore sports performance. Chil-dren and adolescents have increased need for vitamin D because of its importance in growth and development, and it is evident that they are more susceptible to have vitamin D deficien-cy. Consequently, vitamin D status is particularly important issue in youth competitive sport. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency/insuficiency (measured as 25(OH)D concentration), and the possible associations between vitamin D, with age, maturity status, sprinting- and jumping-performance among youth soccer players. Methods: The sample of participants in this research comprised 62 youth soccer players (age: 15.7 ± 2.2 years). They were divided into two categories according to 25(OH)D levels measured at the end of the winter season: group with inadequate levels of 25(OH)D (vitamin D deficiency/insuficiency [ 75 nmol/L]). Biological maturity status (maturity offset) was calculated from participants age and height by the following equation: Maturity offset = −7.999994 + (0.0036124 × (age(yrs.) × height(cm)). Performance variables were 10 meters sprint test (S10m) and countermovement jump test (CMJ). Results: Results showed relatively good 25(OH)D concentrations (78.32 ± 23.39 nmol/L), with prevalence of deficiency ( < 50 nmol/L) in 8.06%, and insuficiency (50–75 nmol/L) in 46.77% athletes. Significant correlations were evidenced between the CMJ and 25(OH)D level (R = 0.27, p < 0.05), but chronological age was also correlated with CMJ (R = 0.64, p < 0.05). Further, higher chronological age was found in participants with suficient vitamin D levels (15.1 ± 2.4 vs. 16.4 ± 1.6 years; t-test = 2.43, p < 0.05). However, no significant as-sociation was evidenced between vitamin D and maturity status. Conclusion: Vitamin D groups significantly differed by chronological age but not by maturity status, which collectively with correlation between CMJ and vitamin D status indicates that both vitamin D status and performance in youth soccer players is actually influenced by chronological age. Meanwhile, biological age doesn’t have a significant physiological influ-ence on vitamin D concentration, while some external factors (i.e. time spent outdoors, pa-rental control, sunscreen usage), should be considered important.

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An Evaluation of the Levels of Vitamin D and Bone Turnover Markers After the Summer and Winter Periods in Polish Professional Soccer Players

Journal of Human Kinetics ◽

10.2478/hukin-2013-0053 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 38 ◽

pp. 135-140 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Aleksandra Kopeć ◽

Krzysztof Solarz ◽

Filip Majda ◽

Małgorzata Słowińska-Lisowska ◽

Marek Mędraś

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Bone Turnover ◽

Bone Turnover Markers ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Winter Period ◽

Type I ◽

Summer Period ◽

Professional Soccer ◽

Turnover Markers

Abstract Vitamin D is synthesised in the skin during exposure to sunlight. The fundamental roles of vitamin D are the regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism and bone mineralisation. Low vitamin D levels in athletes may adversely affect their exercise capabilities. The aim of our study was to investigate changes in serum levels of 25(OH)D3, calcium and bone turnover markers in football players in two training periods differing in the exposure to sunlight (after the summer period and after the winter period). We investigated 24 Polish professional soccer players. Serum levels of the following parameters were determined: 25(OH)D3, calcium, osteocalcin (OC), parathormone (PTH), procollagen type I N - terminal peptide (P1NP), and beta - CrossLaps (beta - CTx). We showed significantly higher levels of 25(OH)D3 and calcium and lower levels of PTH after the summer period versus the winter period. No significant differences in the levels of bone turnover markers were found. Furthermore, we did not observe any significant correlations between the levels of 25(OH)D3 and other parameters. Normal levels of 25(OH)D3 were observed in 50% of the players after the summer period and only in 16.7% of the players after the winter period. It is justified to measure the levels of 25(OH)D3, calcium and PTH in soccer players, especially after the winter period, when the exposure to sunlight is limited.

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25(OH)D3 Levels Relative to Muscle Strength and Maximum Oxygen Uptake in Athletes

Journal of Human Kinetics ◽

10.1515/hukin-2015-0144 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 71-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Anna Książek ◽

Aleksandra Zagrodna ◽

Wioletta Dziubek ◽

Bogdan Pietraszewski ◽

Bartosz Ochmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Oxygen Uptake ◽

Lower Limb ◽

Peak Torque ◽

Maximum Oxygen Uptake ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Knee Extensors ◽

Vitamin D Receptors ◽

Professional Soccer

AbstractVitamin D is mainly known for its effects on the bone and calcium metabolism. The discovery of Vitamin D receptors in many extraskeletal cells suggests that it may also play a significant role in other organs and systems. The aim of our study was to assess the relationship between 25(OH)D3 levels, lower limb isokinetic strength and maximum oxygen uptake in well-trained professional football players. We enrolled 43 Polish premier league soccer players. The mean age was 22.7±5.3 years. Our study showed decreased serum 25(OH)D3 levels in 74.4% of the professional players. The results also demonstrated a lack of statistically significant correlation between 25(OH)D3 levels and lower limb muscle strength with the exception of peak torque of the left knee extensors at an angular velocity of 150°/s (r=0.41). No significant correlations were found between hand grip strength and maximum oxygen uptake. Based on our study we concluded that in well-trained professional soccer players, there was no correlation between serum levels of 25(OH)D3 and muscle strength or maximum oxygen uptake.

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Association of Vitamin D Status With Liver and Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials, and Cross-Sectional and Cohort Studies

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831/a000540 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Seyed Mostafa Parizadeh ◽

Majid Rezayi ◽

Reza Jafarzadeh-Esfehani ◽

Amir Avan ◽

Hamideh Ghazizadeh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Renal Disease ◽

Cohort Studies ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Vitamin D Levels

Abstract. Background: Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is a major public health problem. There are few comprehensive systematic reviews about the relationship between Vitamin D status and liver and renal disease in Iran. Methods: We systemically searched the following databases: Web of Science; PubMed; Cochrane Library; Scopus; Science Direct; Google Scholar and two Iranian databases (Scientific Information Database (SID) and IranMedex) up until November 2017 to identify all randomized control trials (RCTs), case control, cross-sectional and cohort studies investigating the association between vitamin D and any form of liver or kidney disease. Results: Vitamin D insufficiency, or deficiency (VDD), is highly prevalent in Iran, reports varying between 44.4% in Isfahan to 98% in Gorgan. There is also a high prevalence of VDD among patients with liver or kidney disease, and the administration of vitamin D supplements may have beneficial effects on lipid profile, blood glucose, liver function and fatty liver disease, and bone health. Low serum vitamin D levels are related with abnormalities in these laboratory and clinical parameters. Conclusion: VDD is prevalent in patients with chronic liver or renal disease in Iran. There appear to be several beneficial effects of vitamin D supplementation in vitamin D deficient patients with liver or kidney disease.

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