scholarly journals Epidemiologic characteristics of early cases with 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) disease in Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e2020007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moran Ki
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Additional Data ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
First Case ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Epidemiologic Characteristics ◽  
Index Cases ◽  
Epidemiological Information ◽  
Close Contacts

In about 20 days since the diagnosis of the first case of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Korea on January 20, 2020, 28 cases have been confirmed. Fifteen patients (53.6%) of them were male and median age of was 42 years (range, 20-73). Of the confirmed cases, 16, 9, and 3 were index (57.2%), first-generation (32.1%), and second-generation (10.7%) cases, respectively. All first-generation and second-generation patients were family members or intimate acquaintances of the index cases with close contacts. Fifteen among 16 index patients had entered Korea from January 19 to 24, 2020 while 1 patient had entered Korea on January 31, 2020. The average incubation period was 3.9 days (median, 3.0), and the reproduction number was estimated as 0.48. Three of the confirmed patients were asymptomatic when they were diagnosed. Epidemiological indicators will be revised with the availability of additional data in the future. Sharing epidemiological information among researchers worldwide is essential for efficient preparation and response in tackling this new infectious disease.

scholarly journals Modes of transmission of COVID-19 outbreak- a mathematical study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandan Maji
Keyword(s):  
Equilibrium Point ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Mathematical Study ◽  
Globally Asymptotically Stable ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Respiratory Droplets ◽  
Globally Stable ◽  
Disease Free ◽  
Close Contacts

The world has now paid a lot of attention to the outbreak of novel coronavirus (COVID-19). This virus mainly transmitted between humans through directly respiratory droplets and close contacts. However, there is currently some evidence where it has been claimed that it may be indirectly transmitted. In this work, we study the mode of transmission of COVID-19 epidemic system based on the susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model. We have calculated the basic reproduction number $R_0$ by next-generation matrix method. We observed that if $R_0<1$, then disease-free equilibrium point is locally as well as globally asymptotically stable but when $R_0>1$, the endemic equilibrium point exists and is globally stable. Finally, some numerical simulation is presented to validate our results.

scholarly journals Tardive dyskinesia on clozapine: A case report

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Laila Asmal
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Tardive Dyskinesia ◽  
Treatment Option ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Clozapine Treatment ◽  
First Case ◽  
Second Generation Antipsychotic

Antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia is a potentially irremediable and debilitating condition with the onset most commonly associated with the use of first-generation antipsychotics. The development of tardive dyskinesia on clozapine, a second-generation antipsychotic, is uncommon, and the drug is therefore a treatment option for those patients who develop the syndrome following treatment with first- generation agents. I report on the case of a 27-year-old man who developed severe tardive dyskinesia following initiation of clozapine treatment. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first case of tardive dyskinesia associated with clozapine use reported in South Africa.

scholarly journals Short epidemiological overview of the current situation on COVID-19 pandemic in Southeast European (SEE) countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (05) ◽  
pp. 433-437
Author(s):  
Edmond Puca ◽  
Rok Čivljak ◽  
Jurica Arapović ◽  
Corneliu Popescu ◽  
Iva Christova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Outbreak Response ◽  
First Case ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Index Cases

We are living in times where a viral disease has brought normal life in much of the world to a halt. The novel coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) started in December 2019 in Wuhan, China initially and in a short time crossed the European borders. After mitigating the epidemic in China, Italy became one of the most COVID-19 affected countries worldwide. International travelers are important sources of infectious diseases and a possible source of epidemic. Due to its political, geographic, and cultural similarities, Italy is one of the main economic partners of Southeast European (SEE) countries. Our data show that infection in index cases in all 11 SEE countries was travel-related with Italy being a source country for 8/11 countries. After the first case identifications on February 25, the number of cases in SEE countries is continually rising reaching the total number of 15,612 with 565 fatal cases and overall case fatality ratio (CFR) of 3.6 (median 3.8, range 0.8–5.5) by April 10, 2020. At a time when the COVID-19 pandemic is approaching its peak, apart from the problems with treatment of the disease and care for critically ill patients, there are other equally important problems, such as organization of outbreak response, provision of health care, lack of hospital personnel, disruption of personal protective equipment supply chains and health care workers (HCWs) protection. But what is more important is the heroic behavior of the HCWs who are showing their humanity by disregarding their lives.

scholarly journals COVID-19 outbreak in Algeria: A mathematical Model to predict cumulative cases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Hamidouche
Keyword(s):  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
New Novel ◽  
First Case ◽  
Serial Interval ◽  
Prediction Time ◽  
Sporadic Cases ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Actual Incidence

AbstractIntroductionSince December 29, 2019 a pandemic of new novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia named COVID-19 has started from Wuhan, China, has led to 254 996 confirmed cases until midday March 20, 2020. Sporadic cases have been imported worldwide, in Algeria, the first case reported on February 25, 2020 was imported from Italy, and then the epidemic has spread to other parts of the country very quickly with 139 confirmed cases until March 21, 2020.MethodsIt is crucial to estimate the cases number growth in the early stages of the outbreak, to this end, we have implemented the Alg-COVID-19 Model which allows to predict the incidence and the reproduction number R0 in the coming months in order to help decision makers.The Alg-COVIS-19 Model initial equation 1, estimates the cumulative cases at t prediction time using two parameters: the reproduction number R0 and the serial interval SI.ResultsWe found R0=2.55 based on actual incidence at the first 25 days, using the serial interval SI= 4,4 and the prediction time t=26. The herd immunity HI estimated is HI=61%. Also, The Covid-19 incidence predicted with the Alg-COVID-19 Model fits closely the actual incidence during the first 26 days of the epidemic in Algeria Fig. 1.A. which allows us to use it.According to Alg-COVID-19 Model, the number of cases will exceed 5000 on the 42th day (April 7th) and it will double to 10000 on 46th day of the epidemic (April 11th), thus, exponential phase will begin (Table 1; Fig.1.B) and increases continuously until reaching à herd immunity of 61% unless serious preventive measures are considered.DiscussionThis model is valid only when the majority of the population is vulnerable to COVID-19 infection, however, it can be updated to fit the new parameters values.

scholarly journals Epidemiologic Characteristics of COVID-19 in Guizhou Province, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (03) ◽  
pp. 389-397
Author(s):  
Kaike Ping ◽  
Mingyu Lei ◽  
Yun Gou ◽  
Zhongfa Tao ◽  
Guanghai Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Asymptomatic Carrier ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Guizhou Province ◽  
Serial Interval ◽  
Two Peaks ◽  
Epidemiologic Characteristics ◽  
Close Contacts

Introduction: At the end of 2019, the COVID-19 broke out, and spread to Guizhou province in January of 2020. Methodology: To acquire the epidemiologic characteristics of COVID-19 in Guizhou province, we collected data from 169 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 related cases. We described the demographic characteristics of the cases and estimated the incubation period, serial interval and the effective reproduction number. We also presented two representative case studies in Guizhou province: Case Study 1 was an example of the asymptomatic carrier; while Case Study 2 was an example of a large and complex infection chain that involved four different regions, spanning three provinces and eight families. Results: Two peaks in the incidence distribution associated with COVID-19 in Guizhou province were related to the 6.04 days (95% CI: 5.00 – 7.10) of incubation period and 6.14±2.21 days of serial interval. We also discussed the effectiveness of the control measures based on the instantaneous effective reproduction number that was a constantly declining curve. Conclusions: As of February 2, 2020, the estimated effective reproduction number was below 1, and no new cases were reported since February 26. These showed that Guizhou Province had achieved significant progress in preventing the spread of the epidemic. The medical isolation of close contacts was consequential. Meanwhile, the asymptomatic carriers and the super-spreaders must be isolated in time, who would cause a widespread infection.

scholarly journals Estimation of the Basic Reproduction Number of SARS-CoV-2 in Bangladesh Using Exponential Growth Method

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riaz Mahmud ◽  
H. M. Abrar Fahim Patwari
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Basic Reproduction Number ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Generation Time ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
First Case ◽  
The World ◽  
Growth Method ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Basic Reproduction Number

Objectives: In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak emerged in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Soon, it has spread out across the world and become an ongoing pandemic. In Bangladesh, the first case of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was detected on March 8, 2020. Since then, not many significant studies have been conducted to understand the transmission dynamics of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in Bangladesh. In this study, we estimated the basic reproduction number R0 of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in Bangladesh. Methods: The data of daily confirmed cases of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in Bangladesh and the reported values of generation time of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) for Singapore and Tianjin, China, were collected. We calculated the basic reproduction number R0 by applying the exponential growth (EG) method. Epidemic data of the first 76 days and different values of generation time were used for the calculation. Results: The basic reproduction number R0 of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in Bangladesh is estimated to be 2.66 [95% CI: 2.58-2.75], optimized R0 is 2.78 [95% CI: 2.69-2.88] using generation time 5.20 with a standard deviation of 1.72 for Singapore. Using generation time 3.95 with a standard deviation of 1.51 for Tianjin, China, R0 is estimated to be 2.15 [95% CI: 2.09-2.20], optimized R0 is 2.22 [95% CI: 2.16-2.29]. Conclusions: The calculated basic reproduction number R0 of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in Bangladesh is significantly higher than 1, which indicates its high transmissibility and contagiousness.

Do remittances differ depending on migration pathway and length of stay?

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-118
Author(s):  
Anita Pugliese ◽  
Julie Ray ◽  
Neli Esipova
Keyword(s):  
Length Of Stay ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Migration Pathway ◽  
First Generation Migrants ◽  
Second Generation Migrants

This paper reports the results from Gallup’s global analysis of the likelihood of first-generation migrants, second-generation migrants and the native-born to send financial help in the form of money or goods to others inside or outside their respective country of residence. The findings in this paper are based on more than 450,000 interviews conducted through Gallup’s World Poll in 157 countries in 2012, 2013 and 2014. The sample includes more than 26,000 first-generation migrants and more than 20,000 second-generation migrants. The large sample enables Gallup to analyze first-generation migrants by the duration of their stay in their adopted country and compare their remittance behaviors with second-generation migrants and the native-born.

Marcuse and Habermas's Political Ideas in English

2019 ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Asaad Abdullwahab AbdulKarim ◽  
Waleed Massaher Hamad ◽  
Salah Ibrahim Hamadi
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Frankfurt School ◽  
Western Thought ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
Important Impact

Abstract     The Frankfurt School is characterized by its critical nature and it is the result of the Marxist socialist thought as it contributed to the development of the German thought in particular and the Western thought in general through important ideas put forward by a number of pioneers in the various generations of the school and most notably through the leading pioneer in the first generation, Marcuse, and the leading pioneer of the second  generation, Habermas, whose political ideas had an important impact on global thinking and later became the basis of the attic of many critical ideas. In spite of the belief of the school members in the idea of the criticism of power and community, each had his own ideas that distinguish him from the others.

Pharmakotherapie update

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
Gerd Laux
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Therapeutische Maßnahmen ◽  
Second Generation Antipsychotics

Für die Therapie schizophrener Erkrankungen sind seit fast 60 Jahren Antipsychotika/Neuroleptika aufgrund ihrer antipsychotischen Wirkung von zentraler Bedeutung. Die Einteilung kann unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten erfolgen (chemische Struktur, neuroleptische Potenz, Rezeptorprofil), heute werden üblicherweise unterschieden typische (traditionelle, klassische, konventionelle) Antipsychotika der ersten Generation ‒ »First Generation Antipsychotics« (FGA) ‒ und sog. atypische (»neuere«) Neuroleptika bzw. Antipsychotika der zweiten Generation ‒»Second Generation Antipsychotics« (SGA). Hierzu zählen Aripiprazol, Asenapin, Cariprazin, Clozapin, Olanzapin, Quetiapin, Risperidon, Sertindol und Ziprasidon. Hierbei handelt es sich um keine homogene Gruppe – sowohl neuropharmakologisch (Wirkmechanismus), als auch hinsichtlich klinischem Wirkprofil und dem Nebenwirkungsspektrum bestehen z. T. erhebliche Unterschiede. Neben der Akut-Medikation ist eine Langzeitmedikation bzw. Rezidivprophylaxe mit Antipsychotika für die Rehabilitation vieler schizophrener Patienten im Sinne eines »Stresspuffers« von grundlegender Bedeutung. In Placebo-kontrollierten Studien trat bei Patienten, die über ein Jahr behandelt wurden, bei etwa 30% unter Neuroleptika ein Rezidiv auf, unter Placebo bei mehr als 70%. Für die Langzeitbehandlung bietet sich der Einsatz von Depot-Neuroleptika an, neu entwickelt wurden Langzeit-Depot-Injektionen mit Intervallen von bis zu 3 Monaten. Grundsätzlich ist die niedrigstmögliche (wirksame) Dosis zu verwenden. Im Zentrum der Nebenwirkungen (UAW) standen lange Zeit extrapyramidal-motorische Bewegungsstörungen (EPMS), mit der Einführung von Clozapin und anderen atypischen Antipsychotika der zweiten Generation gewannen andere Nebenwirkungen an Bedeutung. Hierzu zählen Gewichtszunahme, Störungen metabolischer Parameter und ein erhöhtes Risiko für Mortalität und zerebrovaskuläre Ereignisse bei älteren Patienten mit Demenz. Entsprechende Kontrolluntersuchungen sind erforderlich, für Clozapin gibt es aufgrund seines Agranulozytose-Risikos Sonderbestimmungen. Immer sollte ein Gesamtbehandlungsplan orientiert an der neuen S3-Praxisleitlinie Schizophrenie der DGPPN aufgestellt werden, der psychologische und milieu-/sozial-therapeutische Maßnahmen einschließt. Standard ist heute auch eine sog. Psychoedukation, für Psychopharmaka liegen bewährte Patienten-Ratgeber vor.

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