Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infections and Associated Risk Factors among Pregnant Women in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria

Abstract BackgroundUrinary tract infections (UTIs) are the second most frequent infections after respiratory tract infections that affect man, with over 150 million cases per year. The anatomy of the female urinary tract predisposes them to UTIs than men. More so, physiological and hormonal changes during pregnancy put pregnant woman at risk of UTIs. Untreated UTI(s) in pregnancy can be detrimental to both the mother and child causing preterm labour, low birth weight and pyelonephritis. The situation is worrisome because the infection can be asymptomatic. This study investigated the prevalence and risk factors for UTIs, diagnostic potential of dipstick analyses and antimicrobial susceptibility of uropathogens from pregnant women attending ANC in some Integrated Health Centers (IHCs) in Buea Health District(BHD).MethodsA structured questionnaire was administered to consenting pregnant women at participating IHCs to collect data on demographic characteristics, risk factors and symptoms of UTI. Urine samples were collected for dipstick analysis and culture. Antibiograms were performed on the isolates by the disc diffusion method. A bivariate analysis was performed to investigate the association of the risk factors to UTI. Chi square (χ2) test, odds ratios with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were used to compare statistics and test for associations at a significant level of p ≤ 0.05.FindingsOf the 287 participants recruited, 89(31%) were positive for UTI. There were 150 women with no symptoms of which 43(28.7%) were positive for UTI. E. coli was the most frequent (43.2%) of the organisms implicated in bacteriuria. There was no significant association between the risk factors studied and UTI. Isolates were most sensitive to ciprofloxacin (73.5%) and gentamycin (73.5%) and resistant to ceftriaxone (70.6%) and tetracycline (64.7%). Nitrite test was highly specific (100%) for the diagnosis of UTI while leucocyte esterase was more sensitive (48.3%) than specific (44.9%).ConclusionsThe prevalence of UTI in BHD was high. In conformity with previous findings in same area, there were no risk factors associated with UTI. We recommended a longitudinal study with a larger sample size to follow up the women to term in order to determine the gravity of this infection on pregnancy outcomes.

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Update on Associated Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Management of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Children

Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society ◽

10.1093/jpids/piy065 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 152-159 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anum Khan ◽

Ravi Jhaveri ◽

Patrick C Seed ◽

Mehreen Arshad

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Urinary Tract Infections ◽

Diagnosis And Management ◽

Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

Tract Infections

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Associated Risk Factors for Bacterial Urinary Tract Infection among Internally Displaced Pregnant Women in Niger Delta Camps, Nigeria

International Journal Of Medical Science And Clinical Invention ◽

10.18535/ijmsci/v8i03.04 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (03) ◽

pp. 5275-5281

Author(s):

Faith Diorgu ◽

Maynard Ehianu ◽

Anacletus Francis

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Urinary Tract Infection ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Tract Infection ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Niger Delta ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Internally Displaced ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

Tract Infections

Associated Risk Factors for Bacterial Urinary Tract Infection among Internally Displaced Pregnant Women in Niger Delta Camps, Nigeria Abstract This study investigated associated risk factors for bacterial urinary tract infection among internally displaced pregnant women in Niger Delta camps. The objectives of the study were to determine the association between age, parity, trimester of pregnancy, religion and the incidence of bacterial urinary tract infection among internally displaced pregnant women. The population of the study comprised 108 internally displaced pregnant women who also formed the study sample as no sampling method was adopted due to the limited number of study participants. The tools for data collection was midstream urine samples collected using sterile screw-capped universal containers, the instruments used in isolating the bacterial uropathogens, include Cysteine-Lactose Deficient (CLED) agar, MacConkey and Nutrient agar plates as well as a structured checklist in socio-demographic characteristics of the pregnant women. Descriptive statistics of frequency and percentage were used for data analysis and the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software was employed in the analytical process. Results from the study showed there was no significant association between age, parity, trimester of pregnancy, and the incidence of bacterial urinary tract infection among internally displaced pregnant women (P>0.05). However, religion was significantly associated with the incidence of bacterial urinary tract infection among internally displaced pregnant women (P<0.05). The study concluded that there is an increasing incidence of bacterial urinary tract infections among internally displaced pregnant women linked to religious beliefs. Based on the study findings, early routine screening of all internally pregnant women presenting or not presenting with clinical symptoms of urinary tract infection is recommended. The need for good personal and environmental hygiene to be encouraged in internally displaced persons’ camps. Keywords: Associated risk factors, Bacterial urinary tract infection, Internally Displaced Women, Camps, Niger Delta

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Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infections and Associated Risk Factors Among Patients Attending Medical City Hospital in Baghdad City, Iraq

American Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.3844/ajidsp.2020.77.84 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 77-84

Author(s):

Fadhl A.S. Al-Gasha�a ◽

Shayma M. Al-Baker ◽

Jamil M. Obiad ◽

Fadhil A. Alrobiai

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Urinary Tract Infections ◽

City Hospital ◽

Medical City ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

Tract Infections

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Prevalence of CTX-M beta-Lactamases in Escherichia coli from community-acquired urinary tract infections and associated risk factors among women in Cameroon

Journal of Epidemiological Research ◽

10.5430/jer.v3n1p51 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 51 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ingrid Cecile Djuikoue ◽

Omer Njajou ◽

Hortense Gonsu Kamga ◽

Charles Fokunang ◽

Adamo Bongoe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Escherichia Coli ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Urinary Tract Infections ◽

Intestinal Flora ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

Tract Infections

Background: In recent years, a worldwide dissemination of CTX-M beta-lactamase-type in Escherichia coli strains isolates from community-acquired urinary tract infections (CA-UTI) has been observed. However little is known on the prevalence and risk factors of this global threat in developing countries. Objective: The aim of this study was to study the prevalence and risk factors for CA-UTI in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Methods: Eighty six patients with urinary E.coli infection recruited from 10 health structures in the town of Yaoundé, Cameroon. After taking the first urine, faeces were collected from the patients for the study of the intestinal flora. The sample collection of faeces was done on a selected gel of enterobacteria resistant to third generation of cephalosporin. The molecular typing of extended-spectrum -lactamase (ESBL) was carried out. Results: Eighty-six strains of E. coli from 86 patients were included. We found that 39 (45.3%) strains produced an extendedspectrum beta-lactamase. Among risk factors, previous use of antibiotic and the dry season were associated with the presence of an ESBL-producing strain in the urine. All ESBL were identified as CTX-M. The production of CTX-M was found to be significantly associated with resistance to fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides and to the association of trimethoprim-sulfamethazole. Conclusions: The prevalence of CTX-M ESBL in Yaoundé, Cameroon, provides new evidence on the global dissemination of CTX-M and the extent of this phenomenon in developing countries.

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Urinary Tract Infection in Pregnant Women at Kathmandu, Nepal

Journal of Medical Care Research and Review ◽

10.15520/mcrr.v3i9.143 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (9) ◽

pp. 454-458

Author(s):

Shikha Thakur ◽

Dr. Komal Lata Nagpal

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Urinary Tract Infection ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Tract Infection ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

Tract Infections

Background: Urinary tract infections “UTIs” are one of the frequently encountered problems during pregnancy. Untreated UTI can be associated with serious obstetric complications. Hence the management and prevention of UTI in pregnancy is the crucial factor for the sustained pregnant period. Hence the present study was designed to identify the pathogenic agents of UTI and its associated risk factors in antenatal mothers in two private hospitals at Kathmandu city. Aim: The main objective of the study was to identify the etiological agent and associated risk factor in Urinary tract infection among pregnant women attending the antenatal care service visit in a selected hospital. Study Design: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Place and Time of Study: The study was carried out under the supervision of University and field study was carried out in Kathmandu, Nepal from March 2019 to October 2019. Methods: The cross-sectional study was performed at the Norvic Hospital and Baidya and Banskota hospital from March 2019 to October 2019. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 510, clean catch midstream urine (MSU) samples were collected aseptically and analyzed using standard microbiology methods. Data for the factors associated with UTI were obtained by use of questionnaires and standard laboratory tests for selected underlying conditions concerning associated risk factors were collected using structured questionnaires and the sample was also processed for antimicrobial drug susceptibility testing. Results: The study revealed 193/510(37.84%) UTI prevalence among patients attending two hospitals in Kathmandu valley. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent bacterial uropathogen with 119/193(61.6%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 35/193(18.13%), Staphylococcus aureus 22/193 (11.39%), Proteus mirabilis 7/193 (3.6%), Enterococcus faecalis 2/193 (1.0%), Enterobacter aerogenes2/193(1.0%) Serratia odorifera 3/193(1.5%), Streptococcus species3/193(1.5%). Conclusions: The high prevalence of urinary tract infection in pregnant women warrant the need to screen all pregnant women and treat those infected with appropriate antimicrobial regimens in order to reduce its complications. Urinary Tract Infection screening is essential in pregnant women.

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Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Pregnant Women in Outpatient Facilities

Central Asian Journal of Global Health ◽

10.5195/cajgh.2015.53 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Maral G. Nogayeva ◽

Svetlana A. Tuleutayeva

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Urinary Tract Infections ◽

Kidney Diseases ◽

Asymptomatic Bacteriuria ◽

Postnatal Period ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Early Diagnostic

Urinary tract morbidity has increased by 7% in Kazakhstan between 2007 to 2011. Pregnant women with extragenital pathologies or kidney diseases had the greatest prevalence of morbidity. Asymptomatic bacteriuria (AB) is one of the most important risk factors of pyelonephritis development in pregnant women, and it can affect the course and outcome of pregnancy, delivery, and postnatal period. AB prevention requires prevention of pregnancy complications including early diagnostic of urinary tract infections, timely optimization of therapy at outpatient facilities, and dynamic follow-up.

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Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and associated risk factors for urinary tract infections in pregnant women attending ANC in some integrated health centers in the Buea Health District

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth ◽

10.1186/s12884-021-04142-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Innocentia Nji Ngong ◽

Jerome Fru-Cho ◽

Melduine Akom Yung ◽

Jane-Francis Kihla Tatah Akoachere

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Urinary Tract Infections ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Health Centers ◽

Health District ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Integrated Health ◽

Tract Infections

Abstract Background Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the second most frequent infections after respiratory tract infections that affect humans, with over 150 million cases per year. The anatomy of the female urinary tract predisposes them to UTIs than men. More so, physiological and hormonal changes during pregnancy put pregnant woman at risk of UTIs. Untreated UTI(s) in pregnancy can be detrimental to both the mother and child causing preterm labour, low birth weight and pyelonephritis. The situation is worrisome because the infection can be asymptomatic. This study investigated the prevalence and risk factors for UTIs, diagnostic potential of dipstick analyses and antimicrobial susceptibility of uropathogens from pregnant women attending ANC in some Integrated Health Centers (IHCs) in Buea Health District (BHD). Methods A structured questionnaire was administered to consenting pregnant women at participating IHCs to collect data on demographic characteristics, risk factors and symptoms of UTI. Urine samples were collected for dipstick analysis and culture. Antibiograms were performed on the isolates by the disc diffusion method. A bivariate analysis was performed to investigate the association of the risk factors to UTI. Chi square (χ2) test, odds ratios with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were used to compare statistics and test for associations at a significant level of p ≤ 0.05. Results Of the 287 participants recruited, 89(31%) were positive for UTI. There were 150 women with no symptoms of which 43(28.7%) were positive for UTI. E. coli was the most frequent (43.2%) of the organisms implicated in bacteriuria. There was no significant association between the risk factors studied and UTI. Isolates were most sensitive to ciprofloxacin (73.5%) and gentamycin (73.5%) and resistant to ceftriaxone (70.6%) and tetracycline (64.7%). Nitrite test was highly specific (100%) for the diagnosis of UTI while leucocyte esterase was more sensitive (48.3%) than specific (44.9%). Conclusions The prevalence of UTI in BHD was high. In conformity with previous findings in same area, there were no risk factors associated with UTI. We recommended a longitudinal study with a larger sample size to follow up the women to term in order to determine the gravity of this infection on pregnancy outcomes.

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