Reduction of Risk of Watery Diarrhea with Point-of-Use Water Filters during a Massive Outbreak of Waterborne Cryptosporidium Infection in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1993

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 549-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Addiss ◽  
Mark Remshak ◽  
Jeffrey P. Davis ◽  
Dennis D. Juranek ◽  
Susan Stokes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Cryptosporidium Infection ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Water Filters

scholarly journals Under-Sink Activated Carbon Water Filters Effectively Remove Lead from Private Well Water for over Six Months

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3584
Author(s):  
Riley Mulhern ◽  
Jacqueline MacDonald Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
The United States ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Metals Removal ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Minimal Data ◽  
Water Filters ◽  
Private Wells

Children who rely on private well water in the United States have been shown to be at greater risk of having elevated blood lead levels. Evidence-based solutions are needed to prevent drinking water lead exposure among private well users, but minimal data are available regarding the real-world effectiveness of available interventions like point-of-use water treatment for well water. In this study, under-sink activated carbon block water filters were tested for lead and other heavy metals removal in an eight-month longitudinal study in 17 homes relying on private wells. The device removed 98% of all influent lead for the entirety of the study, with all effluent lead levels less than 1 µg/L. Profile sampling in a subset of homes showed that the faucet fixture is a significant source of lead leaching where well water is corrosive. Flushing alone was not capable of reducing first-draw lead to levels below 1 µg/L, but the under-sink filter was found to increase the safety and effectiveness of faucet flushing. The results of this study can be used by individual well users and policymakers alike to improve decision-making around the use of under-sink point-of-use devices to prevent disproportionate lead exposures among private well users.

Virus removal efficiency of ceramic water filters: effects of bentonite turbidity

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron Farrow ◽  
Edward McBean ◽  
Hamidreza Salsali
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Virus Removal ◽  
Ceramic Water Filters ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Cake Layer ◽  
Human Enteric Viruses ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Water Filters

Ceramic water filters (CWFs) are utilized in many developing countries as point-of-use (POU) water treatment devices, to reduce waterborne pathogens in potable water. Virus removal efficiencies of several CWFs are investigated under various influent conditions using MS2 (ATCC: 15597-B1) as a surrogate phage for human enteric viruses. The addition of bentonite turbidity (6–8 NTU) in the influent source water showed increased viral removal efficiency of CWFs by 0.1–0.2 log compared to tests involving clear (<1 NTU) influents. Trials employing an applied clay cake layer, formed using highly turbid influent source water (100 NTU) and no cleaning regime between trials, resulted in viral removal efficiency values of 1.5–2.5 log, compared to 0.2–0.5 log during non-obstructed trials.

Sustainable Water Filters for the Developing World: A Focus on Cholera

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Krentz ◽  
Ryan Magowan ◽  
Liane Millington
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Water Filtration ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Human Waste ◽  
Geological Materials ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Filtration Unit ◽  
Water Filters ◽  
Filtration Device ◽  
Water Borne

The goal of this project is to design a point-of-use water filtration device constructed from locally available geological materials, which is capable of filtering out Vibrio cholerae bacteria. Vibrio cholerae occurs naturally in tropical seawater, as well as in human waste. It is a water-borne pathogen, and thus human populations are especially vulnerable during and after natural crises such as floods, tsunamis and earthquakes. The basic filtration unit uses readily available supplies including pop bottles, fabric (such as that from a T-shirt), and a geologic material, such as sand, clay or zeolites. Tests utilizing yeast as a surrogate for Vibrio cholerae are currently ongoing.

Participant responses to a water treatment intervention in rural Guatemala

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 792-809
Author(s):  
Lissette M Piedra ◽  
Lenore E Matthew ◽  
Chi-Fang Wu
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Water Remediation ◽  
Illustrative Case ◽  
Culturally Competent ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
Service Barriers ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Water Filters

Each year, 1.1 billion people suffer from disease, dehydration, and malnutrition fueled by waterborne pathogens. Although point-of-use water filters are a viable solution, effectiveness requires consistent use. As collaborators in international development projects, social workers are poised to address service barriers through their focus on multilevel practice and a relentless emphasis on culturally competent practice. This article describes an illustrative case of a water remediation project in rural Guatemala where social work researchers collaborated with engineers to understand how users appraised the project. We present a content analysis of interviews conducted in 20 households in the Boca Costa and Highland regions of rural Guatemala that received bio-sand water filters, which revealed a diverse group of filter users, with varying motivations and constancy patterns. Our study demonstrates how talking to people is essential to understanding their use of technology and how other objective measures—such as the wetness of the sand—can be helpful in interpreting results. It also shows that within the developing context, people vary in their need for additional supports as they adopt new health-promoting activities.

Microbial and chemical assessment of ceramic and BioSand water filters in rural Cambodia

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Murphy ◽  
M. Sampson ◽  
K. Farahbakhsh ◽  
E. McBean
Keyword(s):  
Produced Water ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Ceramic Filters ◽  
Ceramic Water Filters ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Guideline Value ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Biosand Filters ◽  
Water Filters

Unless significant advances are made in the water and sanitation sector, it is unlikely that Cambodia will meet the United Nations Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target #7 for water and sanitation. Point-of-use technologies (POU), also termed “household water treatment technologies”, have been identified as successful options for providing safe water to rural households. Ceramic water filters and BioSand filters are two major POU technologies that are currently implemented across Cambodia. This paper presents data on the microbial performance of these two technologies in the field on various Cambodian source waters. In addition, data are presented on the occurrence of nitrite in treated water. Results showed that 61% and 88% of BioSand filters and ceramic filters, respectively, produced water in the low risk range for E. coli as defined by the WHO (0–10 CFU/100 mL). In addition, 83% of BioSand filters and 75% of ceramic filters were not meeting the WHO guideline value for chronic exposure to nitrite in drinking water (0.2 mg/L).

Corrigendum to “Comparison of sand-based water filters for point-of-use arsenic removal in China” [Chemosphere 168 (2017) 155–162]

Chemosphere ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 632
Author(s):  
Kate Smith ◽  
Zhenyu Li ◽  
Bohan Chen ◽  
Honggang Liang ◽  
Xinyi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arsenic Removal ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Water Filters

The development of point-of-use water filters as sampling devices in bioforensics: extent of microbial sorption and elution

2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Sedillo ◽  
Ayshea Quintana ◽  
Kathryn Souza ◽  
Kevin H. Oshima ◽  
Geoffrey B. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Point Of Use ◽  
Water Filters

scholarly journals Water treatment in rural Guatemala: factors associated with the use of biosand water filters

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-297
Author(s):  
Chi-Fang Wu ◽  
Lissette M. Piedra ◽  
Lenore E. Matthew ◽  
Emily C. Rhodes ◽  
Thanh H. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Health Beliefs ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Adoption Of Technology ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Technical Issues ◽  
Actual Filter ◽  
Water Taste ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Interviewer Observations ◽  
Water Filters

Abstract Point-of-use water filters are a means to provide clean water vital to the health of people in developing countries. The factors that influence the adoption of this technology include hygiene knowledge, health beliefs related to the use of new technology, and technical issues with using the filter (e.g., water taste and breakage). This study examines how people in Mayan communities in rural Guatemala perceived biosand filters they had received and what factors related to their filter use. Based on the survey and interviewer observations, approximately 53% were regular filter users, 28% were irregular filter users, and 19.4% were non-filter users. The observational data revealed that actual filter use is lower than self-reported use, reflecting complexities in the adoption of technology. One such complexity can be seen in the connection between health beliefs and behavior. The belief that believing drinking filtered water is salubrious does not necessarily coincide with filter use, but education and hygienic practices correlated with regular filter use. Furthermore, regular users typically depend on family members for a daily reminder to use the filter, suggesting that education should foster peer support as well as imparting knowledge.

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