Sustainable Water Filters for the Developing World: A Focus on Cholera

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Krentz ◽  
Ryan Magowan ◽  
Liane Millington
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Water Filtration ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Human Waste ◽  
Geological Materials ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Filtration Unit ◽  
Water Filters ◽  
Filtration Device ◽  
Water Borne

The goal of this project is to design a point-of-use water filtration device constructed from locally available geological materials, which is capable of filtering out Vibrio cholerae bacteria. Vibrio cholerae occurs naturally in tropical seawater, as well as in human waste. It is a water-borne pathogen, and thus human populations are especially vulnerable during and after natural crises such as floods, tsunamis and earthquakes. The basic filtration unit uses readily available supplies including pop bottles, fabric (such as that from a T-shirt), and a geologic material, such as sand, clay or zeolites. Tests utilizing yeast as a surrogate for Vibrio cholerae are currently ongoing.

scholarly journals SOSIALISASI MANFAAT KARBON AKTIF SEBAGAI MEDIA FILTRASI AIR GUNA MENINGKATKAN KESADARAN AKAN PENTINGNYA AIR BERSIH DI SMK PGRI CIKAMPEK

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 381
Author(s):  
Endah Purwanti ◽  
Danny Ramdani ◽  
Reni Rahmadewi ◽  
Billy Nugraha ◽  
Vita Efelina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Filtration ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Filtration Process ◽  
Water Filter ◽  
Multi Media ◽  
Water Taste ◽  
Water Filters ◽  
Filtration Device

ABSTRAKKetersediaan air bersih menjadi sangat penting terutama di masa pandemi seperti saat ini. Indikator air bersih tidak hanya dilihat dari warna, tetapi juga dari aroma dan rasa. Untuk memperoleh air bersih salah satunya dapat menggunakan alat filtrasi air dengan karbon aktif sebagai salah satu media filtrasinya. Karbon aktif dapat menyerap zat-zat atau mineral yang mencemari air. Adapun manfaat karbon aktif dalam proses filtrasi air sebagai penyerap bau, warna, klorin atau mineral lain dan membuat rasa segar pada air. Selain menggunakan karbon aktif sebagai media filtrasinya, pada alat filtrasi air juga menggunakan media yang lain untuk membantu menghilangkan kontaminan pada air yang tercemar seperti menggunakan kerikil, ijuk dan pasir. Selain itu juga alat filtrasi dapat didesain dengan sangat baik sehingga aliran air tetap mengalir dengan cepat serta dilengkapi dengan adanya sinar UV untuk membunuh kuman atau bakteri pada air sehingga menjadi lebih steril. Adapun tujuan dari pengabdian ini adalah memberikan edukasi terhadap siswa/i SMK PGRI Cikampek dalam memanfaatkan karbon aktif sebagai salah satu media filtrasi air dalam multi-media water filter. Selain memberikan pelatihan pembuatan dan penggunaan alat filtrasi air, juga disampaikan cara pembersihan dan perawatan alat tersebut serta mengedukasi pentingnya air bersih dalam kehidupan terutama di masa pandemi covid-19 seperti saat ini. Kata kunci: covid-19; karbon aktif; multi-media water filter. ABSTRACTThe availability of clean water is very important, especially during a pandemic like today. The indicator of clean water is not only seen from color, but also by smell and taste. To obtain clean water, one of them can use a water filtration device with activated carbon as one of the filtration media. Activated carbon can absorb substances or minerals that pollute water. As for the benefits of activated carbon in the water filtration process as an absorber of odors, color, chlorine or other minerals and makes the water taste fresh. Apart from using activated carbon as the filtration media, the water filtration device also uses other media to help remove contaminants in polluted water such as using gravel, palm fiber and sand. In addition, the filtration device can be designed very well so that the water flow continues to flow quickly and is equipped with UV rays to kill germs or bacteria in the water so that it becomes more sterile. The purpose of this programme is to provide education to students of SMK PGRI Cikampek in utilizing activated carbon as one of the water filtration media in a multi-media water filter. In addition to providing training on the manufacture and use of water filtration devices, it was also conveyed how to clean and maintain these devices and educate the importance of clean water in life, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic like today. Keywords: covid-19; activated carbon; multi-media water filters.

Point of Use Household Drinking Water Filtration: A Practical, Effective Solution for Providing Sustained Access to Safe Drinking Water in the Developing World

2008 ◽  
Vol 42 (12) ◽  
pp. 4261-4267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D. Sobsey ◽  
Christine E. Stauber ◽  
Lisa M. Casanova ◽  
Joseph M. Brown ◽  
Mark A. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Water Filtration ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Effective Solution ◽  
Point Of Use

scholarly journals Under-Sink Activated Carbon Water Filters Effectively Remove Lead from Private Well Water for over Six Months

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3584
Author(s):  
Riley Mulhern ◽  
Jacqueline MacDonald Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
The United States ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Metals Removal ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Minimal Data ◽  
Water Filters ◽  
Private Wells

Children who rely on private well water in the United States have been shown to be at greater risk of having elevated blood lead levels. Evidence-based solutions are needed to prevent drinking water lead exposure among private well users, but minimal data are available regarding the real-world effectiveness of available interventions like point-of-use water treatment for well water. In this study, under-sink activated carbon block water filters were tested for lead and other heavy metals removal in an eight-month longitudinal study in 17 homes relying on private wells. The device removed 98% of all influent lead for the entirety of the study, with all effluent lead levels less than 1 µg/L. Profile sampling in a subset of homes showed that the faucet fixture is a significant source of lead leaching where well water is corrosive. Flushing alone was not capable of reducing first-draw lead to levels below 1 µg/L, but the under-sink filter was found to increase the safety and effectiveness of faucet flushing. The results of this study can be used by individual well users and policymakers alike to improve decision-making around the use of under-sink point-of-use devices to prevent disproportionate lead exposures among private well users.

Dynamics of an infection age-space structured cholera model with Neumann boundary condition

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
WEIWEI LIU ◽  
JINLIANG WANG ◽  
RAN ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Global Attractivity ◽  
Neumann Boundary ◽  
Reaction Diffusion ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Global Dynamics ◽  
Infection Age ◽  
Reaction Diffusion Model ◽  
Disease Persistence

This paper investigates global dynamics of an infection age-space structured cholera model. The model describes the vibrio cholerae transmission in human population, where infection-age structure of vibrio cholerae and infectious individuals are incorporated to measure the infectivity during the different stage of disease transmission. The model is described by reaction–diffusion models involving the spatial dispersal of vibrios and the mobility of human populations in the same domain Ω ⊂ ℝ n . We first give the well-posedness of the model by converting the model to a reaction–diffusion model and two Volterra integral equations and obtain two constant equilibria. Our result suggest that the basic reproduction number determines the dichotomy of disease persistence and extinction, which is achieved by studying the local stability of equilibria, disease persistence and global attractivity of equilibria.

Virus removal efficiency of ceramic water filters: effects of bentonite turbidity

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron Farrow ◽  
Edward McBean ◽  
Hamidreza Salsali
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Virus Removal ◽  
Ceramic Water Filters ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Cake Layer ◽  
Human Enteric Viruses ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Water Filters

Ceramic water filters (CWFs) are utilized in many developing countries as point-of-use (POU) water treatment devices, to reduce waterborne pathogens in potable water. Virus removal efficiencies of several CWFs are investigated under various influent conditions using MS2 (ATCC: 15597-B1) as a surrogate phage for human enteric viruses. The addition of bentonite turbidity (6–8 NTU) in the influent source water showed increased viral removal efficiency of CWFs by 0.1–0.2 log compared to tests involving clear (<1 NTU) influents. Trials employing an applied clay cake layer, formed using highly turbid influent source water (100 NTU) and no cleaning regime between trials, resulted in viral removal efficiency values of 1.5–2.5 log, compared to 0.2–0.5 log during non-obstructed trials.

Participant responses to a water treatment intervention in rural Guatemala

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 792-809
Author(s):  
Lissette M Piedra ◽  
Lenore E Matthew ◽  
Chi-Fang Wu
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Water Remediation ◽  
Illustrative Case ◽  
Culturally Competent ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
Service Barriers ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Water Filters

Each year, 1.1 billion people suffer from disease, dehydration, and malnutrition fueled by waterborne pathogens. Although point-of-use water filters are a viable solution, effectiveness requires consistent use. As collaborators in international development projects, social workers are poised to address service barriers through their focus on multilevel practice and a relentless emphasis on culturally competent practice. This article describes an illustrative case of a water remediation project in rural Guatemala where social work researchers collaborated with engineers to understand how users appraised the project. We present a content analysis of interviews conducted in 20 households in the Boca Costa and Highland regions of rural Guatemala that received bio-sand water filters, which revealed a diverse group of filter users, with varying motivations and constancy patterns. Our study demonstrates how talking to people is essential to understanding their use of technology and how other objective measures—such as the wetness of the sand—can be helpful in interpreting results. It also shows that within the developing context, people vary in their need for additional supports as they adopt new health-promoting activities.

scholarly journals Combating Cholera

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Y. Hsueh ◽  
Christopher M. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Phage Therapy ◽  
Emerging Technologies ◽  
Oral Rehydration Therapy ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Flexible Approach ◽  
Oral Rehydration ◽  
Current Therapies

Cholera infections caused by the gamma-proteobacterium Vibrio cholerae have ravaged human populations for centuries, and cholera pandemics have afflicted every corner of the globe. Fortunately, interventions such as oral rehydration therapy, antibiotics/antimicrobials, and vaccines have saved countless people afflicted with cholera, and new interventions such as probiotics and phage therapy are being developed as promising approaches to treat even more cholera infections. Although current therapies are mostly effective and can reduce disease transmission, cholera outbreaks remain deadly, as was seen during recent outbreaks in Haiti, Ethiopia, and Yemen. This is due to significant underlying political and socioeconomic complications, including shortages of vaccines and clean food and water and a lack of health surveillance. In this review, we highlight the strengths and weaknesses of current cholera therapies, discuss emerging technologies, and argue that a multi-pronged, flexible approach is needed to continue to reduce the worldwide burden of cholera.

Preventive efficacy and cost-effectiveness of point-of-use water filtration in a subacute care unit

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charity Holmes ◽  
Joseph S. Cervia ◽  
Girolamo A. Ortolano ◽  
Francis P. Canonica
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Water Filtration ◽  
Subacute Care ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Preventive Efficacy
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