STUDY OF THE ECOLOGICAL CONDITION OF AGRICULTURAL LAND ADJACENT TO THE REGULATORY IRRIGATIVE POOLS

In the article considers the environmental problems that arise during the construction or operation of irrigation systems and analyzes the methods of monitoring the technical condition of their elements. The relevance of research on this topic is due to the progressive dynamics of pollution of surface, groundwater and soils around irrigation networks, which leads to the deterioration of their condition and the development of erosion. The purpose of the study is to identify ways of migration of filtration waters and the consequences of this, to provide an objective justification for the geophysical method of the natural pulsed electromagnetic field of the Earth that was used. To achieve this goal, a number of tasks were solved, such as: the choice of methods for detecting water filtration zones using remote methods; conducting field studies of the state of agricultural lands around the regulatory basins of Tsarychanska irrigation systems. Construction of maps, graphs, diagrams; comparison, analysis of surveys conducted around the basin of the Tsarychanska irrigation system; identification of water movement routes in the underground space depending on the geological structure of the region, forecasting the consequences of soil flooding around the basin. Previous studies are considered. The research of lands located around the regulatory basins was carried out by the method of PIEMPZ, the position of water filtration zones in the soils adjacent to the basin and the direction of water migration were established, the nature of their flow and possible consequences were analyzed. During the research, all the anomalies of the increased and decreased values ​​of the flux density of the magnetic component of PIEMPZ were identified and their characteristics were given. According to the data, the groundwater level rose to almost 3 m. In the eastern part of the RB there is an abnormal decrease in relief. All filtration and flood zones allocated in 2016 increased. According to the filming in 2018, both the northern and eastern sides, except for a small area in the north-western part, are flooded. This level of groundwater worsens the yield and environmental situation around RB. Recommendations provided.

IMPLEMENTATION OF AQUAPONICS IN ARTIFICIAL POOLS FOR GROWING CARP AND STURGEON FISH

Показана актуальность проблемы, связанной с особенностями ведения рыболовного хозяйства и растениеводства в условиях неблагоприятного климата, ограниченных территорий. Приведено описание опыта по внедрению аквапоники в схему выращивания осетровых и карповых рыб в искусственных бассейнах с использованием оборотной воды, включающую узлы очистки. В ходе исследования была разработана установка, принцип работы которой может быть использован, как решение проблематики выращивания рыб и растений в искусственно созданных условиях. Определены и описаны узлы фильтрации и очистки воды. Приведены показатели воды, показывающие работоспособность и эффективность установки. Проведено сравнение показателей оборотной воды при проведении опытов по выращиванию карповых и осетровых рыб. Приведены результаты экспериментального исследования скорости роста растений в аквапонной установке с использованием различных субстратов и воды. Выявлены преимущества проращивания семян растений при использовании оборотной воды из рыбоводного бассейна в сравнении с использованием водопроводной воды. We demonstrated the relevance of the problem associated with the difficulty of fishing and plant growing in an unfavorable climate, limited territories. We described the experience of introducing aquaponics into the scheme of growing sturgeon and carp fish in artificial pools using circulating water, including purification units. In the course of the study we developed an installation, the principle of operation of which can be used as a solution to the problem of growing fish and plants in artificially created conditions. As well we identified and described the nodes of water filtration and its purification. We demonstrated indicators of water that show the operability and efficiency of the installation. We also carried out comparison of indicators of circulating water during experiments with growing carp and sturgeon fish. As well we made a comparison of the efficiency and growth rate of plants in an aquaponic installation using various substrates and water. The advantages of germination of plant seeds with the use of circulating water from the fish-breeding basin in comparison with the use of tap water have been revealed.

Biodeterioration of Salón de Reinos, Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid, Spain

The Salón de Reinos, a remnant of the 17th century Palacio del Buen Retiro, was built as a recreational residence under the reign of Felipe IV between 1632 and 1640 and was the main room for the monarch’s receptions. This Salón owes its name to the fact that the coats of arms (shields) of the 24 kingdoms that formed Spain in Felipe IV’s time were painted on the vault, above the windows. In addition, the ceiling shows an original decorative composition. The painted ceiling and window vaults showed deterioration evidenced by fissures, water filtration, detachments of the paint layer, and black stains denoting fungal colonization related to humidity. Ten strains of bacteria and 14 strains of fungi were isolated from the deteriorated paintings. Their biodeteriorative profiles were detected through plate assays. The most frequent metabolic functions were proteolytic and lipolytic activities. Other activities, such as the solubilization of gypsum and calcite and the production of acids, were infrequent among the isolates.

Use of filtration and electricity analogy in simulation of underflooding protection in urban construction

Introduction. The fight against underflooding remains an urgent problem. The application of the analogy between water filtration and electric current has the goal of protecting the environment, built-up areas and, in particular, highways in cities from underflooding. Writing Ohm’s law similarly to Darcy’s filtration law, we achieve a better match to their analogy. This, in turn, makes it possible to develop new technologies for protection against underflooding in urban construction, for example, electroosmotic dewatering and its modeling. Such technologies make it possible to drain clayey soils.Methods and materials. Darcy’s law, Ohm’s law and the law of electroosmotic filtration are considered together. A methodology for modelling construction dewatering is given, taking into account the combined effect of the two physical laws of water filtration and electroosmosis, optimally combining the high-altitude geometric arrangement of drainage bases and contact electrodes. The options for draining clay soil under the action of an electric field are presented. With the combined use of gravitational forces and electric direct current forces in the drained soil, the total filtration rate is the sum of the Darcy’s law component and another component of the water velocity – electroosmotic filtration. An additional feature of joint modelling in a porous medium of water filtration and electroosmosis is that the mass of the water-resistant part of the soil and its part related to the dielectric may not coincide. This complexity of the model is overcome by dividing it into modules, which can then be combined in compliance with the balance principle, stitching modules along the boundaries. To continue the scientific discussion, a short but informative overview of international publications on the topic under consideration is given.Discussion. The methodology for complex calculation and modelling of the joint processes of water filtration in soils, the flow of electric current and electroosmotic filtration can find useful application in the development of effective protection against underflooding in urban construction. a sequence of algorithmic modelling steps is recommended. initially, it is recommended to run rough spreadsheet simulations on personal computers and mobile phones. next, a different modelling approach should be applied. based on the initial rough models of the previous step, it is necessary to write the algorithms in the programming language. the compiled model of the investigated filtration and electroosmosis processes will significantly increase the reliability of the design of protection against underflooding.conclusion. a comparison is made of the joint use of construction dewatering means of different physical essence, with simultaneous processes of gravitational filtration of underground water and passing a direct electric current through the drained soil, which causes an additional effect of electroosmosis. it is proposed to apply in a new way the analogy of water filtration and electric current in order to achieve more effective results of engineering activities by modeling protection against underflooding of building areas, ensuring the safety of urban construction when the level of groundwater rises.

Fabrication of PVA/Carbon-Based Nanofibers Using Electrospinning

Nanofibers are widely used in various fields, including water filtration. In the development of nanofibers as water filtration, a mixture of carbon in a polymer solution is often used. Nanofibers can be made by several methods such as multicomponent fiber spinning techniques, melt blowing, electrospinning. Electrospinning is currently a simple development method but can produce nanofibers with a small fiber diameter, it is easy to develop and many parameters can be controlled. Parameters that affect the results of the nanofibers that are formed include flow rate or syringe pump flow rate and high voltage dc high voltage. Various types of nanofibers can be produced from various types of polymers, both natural polymers and synthetic polymers. Generally, because they have properties and characteristics such as high surface area, small pore size, and the possibility to be developed in various applications. Therefore, this chapter discusses the electrospinning of carbon nanofibers using PVA polymer.

Chitosan Coagulation Pretreatment to Enhance Ceramic Water Filtration for Household Water Treatment

Viruses are major contributors to the annual 1.3 million deaths associated with the global burden of diarrheal disease morbidity and mortality. While household-level water treatment technologies reduce diarrheal illness, the majority of filtration technologies are ineffective in removing viruses due to their small size relative to filter pore size. In order to meet the WHO health-based tolerable risk target of 10−6 Disability Adjusted Life Years per person per year, a drinking water filter must achieve a 5 Log10 virus reduction. Ceramic pot water filters manufactured in developing countries typically achieve less than 1 Log10 virus reductions. In order to overcome the shortfall in virus removal efficiency in household water treatment filtration, we (1) evaluated the capacity of chitosan acetate and chitosan lactate, as a cationic coagulant pretreatment combined with ceramic water filtration to remove lab cultured and sewage derived viruses and bacteria in drinking waters, (2) optimized treatment conditions in waters of varying quality and (3) evaluated long-term continuous treatment over a 10-week experiment in surface waters. For each test condition, bacteria and virus concentrations were enumerated by culture methods for influent, controls, and treated effluent after chitosan pretreatment and ceramic water filtration. A > 5 Log10 reduction was achieved in treated effluent for E.coli, C. perfringens, sewage derived E. coli and total coliforms, MS2 coliphage, Qβ coliphage, ΦX174 coliphage, and sewage derived F+ and somatic coliphages.