High Prevalence of Asymptomatic Malaria in Bandafassi, South-east of Senegal: Challenge for Malaria Elimination

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Badiane Aida Sadikh ◽  
Tolla NDIAYE ◽  
Thiaw Alphonse Birane ◽  
Deme Awa Binta ◽  
Diallo Mamadou Alpha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Nested Pcr ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Asymptomatic Malaria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Prevalence

Abstract Background: Malaria control and elimination strategies are based on levels of transmission that are usually determined by data collected from health facilities. In endemic areas, asymptomatic malaria is thought to represent the majority of infections and is therefore not diagnosed nor treated. As a consequence, they are missed when analyzing data due to the lack of visiting the health facilities unless they are sick. Therefore, there might be an underestimation of the malaria prevalence resulting in inadequate control strategies. In addition, these untreated asymptomatic cases maintain transmission making it difficult or impossible to reach malaria elimination goals. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in southeastern Senegal. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among asymptomatic individuals (N = 122) living in the village of Andiel located in Bandafassi, Kedougou which consisting of about 200 inhabitants during the malaria transmission season in late October 2019. For each individual without malaria symptoms and who consented to participate in the study, a rapid diagnosis test (RDT) was performed in the field. Results were confirmed in the laboratory with nested PCR and photo-induced electron transfer (PET-PCR). Results: Malaria prevalence was 70.25% with PET-PCR, 41.80% with RDT and 41.32% based on the nested PCR. The majority of the study population; 92.94% was infected with a single species (mono-infection) and 7.06% had two or three species of Plasmodium. P. falciparum was predominant and represented 90.22% of the infections, while 6.52% were due to P. ovale and 3.26% to P. malariae. RDT detected more malaria cases than nested PCR among children and in individuals aged fifteen years and older; PET-PCR detected more cases (64.70%) than nested PCR (62%) and RDT (52.94%) in this age group.Conclusion: Asymptomatic infection is a threat to malaria elimination. In southeastern Senegal, where the transmission is the highest in the country, malaria control strategies should address asymptomatic cases at the community level. This high prevalence of asymptomatic malaria observed suggests that this area is eligible for mass drug administration. Moreover, non-falciparum species could be more common and its prevalence should be determined countrywide.

scholarly journals High prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium infection in Bandafassi, South-East Senegal

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aida Sadikh Badiane ◽  
Tolla Ndiaye ◽  
Alphonse Birane Thiaw ◽  
Deme Awa Binta ◽  
Mamadou Alpha Diallo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Plasmodium Malariae ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Malaria Transmission Season ◽  
Photo Induced Electron Transfer ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals

Abstract Background Malaria control and elimination strategies are based on levels of transmission that are usually determined by data collected from health facilities. In endemic areas, asymptomatic Plasmodium infection is thought to represent the majority of infections, though they are not diagnosed nor treated. Therefore, there might be an underestimation of the malaria reservoir, resulting in inadequate control strategies. In addition, these untreated asymptomatic Plasmodium infections maintain transmission, making it difficult or impossible to reach malaria elimination goals. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium infections in southeastern Senegal. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted among asymptomatic individuals (N = 122) living in the village of Andiel located in Bandafassi, Kédougou, which consisted of about 200 inhabitants during the malaria transmission season in late October 2019. For each individual without malaria-related symptoms and who consented to participate, a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) was performed in the field. Results were confirmed in the laboratory with photo-induced electron transfer (PET-PCR). Results Malaria prevalence was 70.3% by PET-PCR and 41.8% by RDT. During the same period, the health post of the area reported 49. 1% test positivity rate by RDT. The majority of the infected study population, 92.9%, was infected with a single species and 7.1% had two or three species of Plasmodium. Plasmodium falciparum was predominant and represented 90.2% of the infections, while 6.5% were due to Plasmodium ovale and 3.3% to Plasmodium malariae. 59.4% of children targeted for SMC (zero to ten years old) were infected. Conclusion In southeastern Senegal, where the transmission is the highest, malaria control strategies should address asymptomatic Plasmodium infections at the community level. The results suggest that this area could be eligible for mass drug administration. Moreover, non-falciparum species could be more common and its prevalence should be determined countrywide.

scholarly journals Baseline malaria prevalence at the targeted pre-elimination districts in Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Desalegn Nega ◽  
Adugna Abera ◽  
Bokretsion Gidey ◽  
Sindew Mekasha ◽  
Abnet Abebe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Asymptomatic Malaria ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Axillary Temperature ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals

Abstract Background Encouraged by the previous success in malaria control and prevention strategies, the Ethiopian ministry of health launched malaria elimination with a stepwise approach by primarily targeting the low-transmission Districts and their adjacent areas/zones in order to shrink the country’s malaria map progressively. Hence, this community survey was conducted to establish baseline malaria information at the preliminary phase of elimination at targeted settings. Methods A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted at 20 malaria-elimination targeted Districts selected from five Regional states and one city administration in Ethiopia. The GPS-enabled smartphones programmed with Open Data Kit were used to enumerate 9326 study households and collect data from 29,993 residents. CareStart™ Malaria PAN (pLDH) Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) were used for blood testing at the field level. Armpit digital thermometers were used to measure axillary temperature. Result Overall malaria prevalence by RDTs was 1.17% (339/28973). The prevalence at District levels ranged from 0.0 to 4.7%. The proportion of symptomatic cases (axillary temperature > 37.5oc) in the survey was 9.2% (2760/29993). Among the 2510 symptomatic individuals tested with RDTs, only 3.35% (84/2510) were malaria positive. The 75.2% (255/339) of all malaria positives were asymptomatic. Of the total asymptomatic malaria cases, 10.2% (26/255) were under-five children and 89.8% (229/255) were above 5 years of age. Conclusion The study shows a decrease in malaria prevalence compared to the reports of previous malaria indicator surveys in the country. The finding can be used as a baseline for measuring the achievement of ongoing malaria elimination efforts. Particularly, the high prevalence of asymptomatic individuals (0.88%) in these transmission settings indicates there may be sustaining hidden transmission. Therefore, active case detection with more sensitive diagnostic techniques is suggested to know more real magnitude of residual malaria in the elimination-targeted areas.

scholarly journals Prevalence of malaria in an area receiving seasonal malaria chemoprevention in Niger

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew E. Coldiron ◽  
Bachir Assao ◽  
Ousmane Guindo ◽  
Nathan Sayinzoga-Makombe ◽  
Alena Koscalova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Clinical Malaria ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Asymptomatic Malaria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Target Sample Size ◽  
Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
High Season ◽  
Low Incidence

Abstract Background Malaria transmission is highly seasonal in Niger. Despite the introduction of seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) in the Magaria District, malaria incidence remains high, and the epidemiology of malaria in the community is not well-understood. Methods Four cross-sectional, household-based malaria prevalence surveys were performed in the Magaria District of Niger between October 2016 and February 2018. Two occurred during the peak malaria season and two during the low malaria season. Individuals in each of three age strata (3–59 months, 5–9 years, and 10 years and above) were sampled in randomly-selected households. Capillary blood was collected by fingerprick, thick and thin blood films were examined. Microscopy was performed at Epicentre, Maradi, Niger, with external quality control. The target sample size was 396 households during the high-season surveys and 266 households during the low-season surveys. Results Prevalence of parasitaemia was highest in children aged 5–9 years during all four surveys, ranging between 53.6% (95%CI 48.8–63.6) in February 2018 and 73.2% (66.2–79.2) in September 2017. Prevalence of parasitaemia among children aged 3–59 months ranged between 39.6% (33.2–46.4) in February 2018 and 51.9% (45.1–58.6) in October 2016. Parasite density was highest in children aged 3–59 months during all four surveys, and was higher in high season surveys than in low season surveys among all participants. The prevalence of gametocytaemia in children aged 3–59 months ranged between 9.9% (6.5–14.8) in February 2018 and 19.3% (14.6–25.2) in October 2016. The prevalence of gametocytaemia in children aged 5–9 years ranged between 6.3% (3.5–11.1) in February 2018 and 18.5% (12.7–26.1) in October 2016. Conclusions Asymptomatic malaria infection is highly prevalent in this area, even during the season with low incidence of clinical malaria. The high prevalence of parasitaemia in children aged 5–9 years warrants considering their inclusion in SMC programmes in this context.

scholarly journals Malaria prevention, diagnosis and treatment strategies in Kaduna State, Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Obafemi J. Babalola
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Malaria Diagnosis ◽  
Malaria Prevention ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Malaria Surveillance

ObjectiveWe aim to assess the implementation of malaria prevention,diagnosis and treatment strategies, to assess implementation trendsfrom 2011 to 2014 and if surveillance targets were met.IntroductionMalaria is a preventable disease but 3.4 billion people at riskglobally with 207 million cases and 627 deaths reported in 2013.Africa accounts for 80% of cases and 90% of all malaria deaths.Nigeria accounts for 25% of malaria burden in Africa. The goal ofmalaria control is to reduce malaria –related transmissions, cases anddeaths to a level where it is no longer a public health concernMethodsKaduna state, north western Nigeria with estimated populationof 7.3 million has 23 districts and 1252 health facilities. Of these461 sent malaria surveillance data to National Health ManagementInformation System monthly. Data from January 2011 to December2014 was analysed. We evaluated variables related to malariainterventions strategies such as malaria diagnosis, malaria treatment,malaria prevention in pregnancy. Frequencies, proportions andtrend analysis were done and odd ratios for associations betweenvariables were calculated with confidence interval set at 95%. Epiinfo statistical software was used for the analysis.ResultsData completeness was 89.8%. Of the 1,008,728 people thatvisited health facilities, 56.6% presented with fever. Among thefever cases, 34.2% was tested with rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and5.5% with microscopy. Artemisinin based combination therapy wasgiven to 361,464 of which 36.4% had confirmed malaria. Those aged< 5 years with suspected fever were 1.28 (95% confidential interval(C.I), 1.27-1.29; p<0.01)) more likely not to be tested with eitherRDT or microscopy and they are 2.62 (95% C.I., 2.63 – 6.67;p<0.01) times more likely to have ACT for confirmed malaria. ACTprescription to presumptive malaria increases from 31.8% in 2013to 200.2% in 2014. There is a progressive increase of long lastinginsecticidal net distribution and access to second dose of IntermittentPreventive Therapy (IPT-2) for pregnant women.ConclusionsGenerally, progress in Malaria control transition to Eliminationin Kaduna State, Nigeria is favorable with malaria prevalence at36.4%. Some targets were met within the period and recommendstrengthening of these malaria control strategies with focus onvulnerable groups and prevent uncontrolled ACT prescription forpresumptive malaria.

scholarly journals G6PD deficiency among malaria-infected national groups at the western part of Myanmar with implications for primaquine use in malaria elimination

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kay Thwe Han ◽  
Zay Yar Han ◽  
Kyin Hla Aye ◽  
Khin Thet Wai ◽  
Aung Thi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
G6pd Deficiency ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Asymptomatic Malaria ◽  
Radical Cure ◽  
Readiness Assessment ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDd) plays a central role in readiness assessment for malaria elimination in Myanmar by 2030 that includes primaquine (PQ) use. The risk of hemolysis in G6PDd individuals hampers the widespread use of primaquine safely in malaria-infected patients. In the pre-elimination era, it is important to screen initially for asymptomatic malaria in combination with G6PD deficiency by applying more sensitive diagnostic tools. Therefore, this study examined the proportion of G6PDd and the distribution of G6PD genotypes among malaria-infected national groups in Myanmar before initiation of malaria elimination strategies. Methods A cross-sectional study in one township each with high malaria burden from two states in the western part of Myanmar, was conducted during 2016-2018, and 320 participants (164 Rakhine and 156 Chin National groups) were recruited. We used RDT and ultrasensitive polymerase chain reaction (us PCR) method to confirm malaria infection, and a G6PD RDT(CareStart) to detect G6PDd and PCR/restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method to confirm the variant of G6PDd for genotyping. G6PD enzyme activity was measured by G6PD Biosensor (CareStart). Results Malaria positivity rates detected by RDT were lower than those detected by us PCR in the combined samples [13% (42/320) vs. 21% (67/320)] as well as in the Rakhine samples [17% (28/164) vs. 25% (41/164)] and in Chin samples [9% (14/156) vs. 17% (26/156)]. G6PD deficiency rates were approximately 10% in both the combined samples and specific national groups. For G6PD enzyme activity in the combined samples, G6PDd (defined as < 30% of adjusted male median) was 10% (31/320) and severe G6PDd (< 10% of AMM) was 3% (9/320). Among malaria-infected patients with positive by both RDT and usPCR, G6PDd was less than 20% in each national group. G6PD genotyping showed that the G6PD Mahidol (G487A) was the major variant. Conclusions The varying degree of G6PDd detected among malaria-infected national groups by advanced diagnostic tools, strongly support the recommend G6PD testing by the National Malaria Control Program and the subsequent safe treatment of P. vivax by primaquine for radical cure. Establishing a field monitoring system to achieve timely malaria elimination is mandatory to observe the safety of patients after PQ treatment.

scholarly journals Cross-Study of Malaria Prevalence in History, Bed Net Utilization, and Knowledge about the Disease among Tanzanian College Students

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Yakobo Nyahoga ◽  
Zanda Bochkaeva
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Prevention ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Bed Net ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
University Campuses ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Two Factors

University campuses are potential reservoirs of infectious diseases, but they are not in the research focus. It is obvious that the use of malaria preventive tools is extremely necessary in campus conditions in endemic countries. This study is the first malaria survey, conducted in a student campus in Tanzania. This cross-sectional study uncovered a surprisingly high prevalence of malaria history among students: 89,4% of 246 random respondents assume that they had malaria in history, among whom 145 (58,9%) suffered from the disease during the last year. And although students are relatively confident about the vector, parasite, and prevention measures of the disease, only 44,7% of the students use bed nets and 4,5% use a body spray or ointment daily. The others seldom use spray or ointment or do not care about the problem at all. This situation was found to be associated with two factors, financial and educational. Current results show that students are relatively educated on malaria, but they do not follow the malaria prevention guidance. It has become clear that at least proper informational propaganda of bed net use is required in Tanzanian university campuses.

scholarly journals Genotypic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency protects against Plasmodium falciparum infection in individuals living in Ghana

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257562
Author(s):  
Linda Eva Amoah ◽  
Kwame Kumi Asare ◽  
Donu Dickson ◽  
Joana Abankwa ◽  
Abena Busayo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
G6pd Deficiency ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Length Polymorphisms ◽  
G6pd Gene ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Introduction The global effort to eradicate malaria requires a drastic measure to terminate relapse from hypnozoites as well as transmission via gametocytes in malaria-endemic areas. Primaquine has been recommended for the treatment of P. falciparum gametocytes and P. vivax hypnozoites, however, its implementation is challenged by the high prevalence of G6PD deficient (G6PDd) genotypes in malaria endemic countries. The objective of this study was to profile G6PDd genotypic variants and correlate them with malaria prevalence in Ghana. Methods A cross-sectional survey of G6PDd genotypic variants was conducted amongst suspected malaria patients attending health care facilities across the entire country. Malaria was diagnosed using microscopy whilst G6PD deficiency was determined using restriction fragment length polymorphisms at position 376 and 202 of the G6PD gene. The results were analysed using GraphPad prism. Results A total of 6108 subjects were enrolled in the study with females representing 65.59% of the population. The overall prevalence of malaria was 36.31%, with malaria prevalence among G6PDd genotypic variants were 0.07% for A-A- homozygous deficient females, 1.31% and 3.03% for AA- and BA- heterozygous deficient females respectively and 2.03% for A- hemizygous deficient males. The odd ratio (OR) for detecting P. falciparum malaria infection in the A-A- genotypic variant was 0.0784 (95% CI: 0.0265–0.2319, p<0.0001). Also, P. malariae and P. ovale parasites frequently were observed in G6PD B variants relative to G6PD A- variants. Conclusion G6PDd genotypic variants, A-A-, AA- and A- protect against P. falciparum, P. ovale and P. malariae infection in Ghana.

scholarly journals Situation of Asymptomatic Malaria among Iranian Native and Af-ghan and Pakistani Immigrants in a Malarious Area under the Na-tional Malaria Elimination Program of Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Setareh ASKARI ◽  
Mehdi NATEGHPOUR ◽  
Afsaneh MOTEVALLI HAGHI ◽  
Leila FARIVAR ◽  
Ahmad RAEISI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Rapid Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Asymptomatic Malaria ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Microscopical Method ◽  
Pakistani Immigrants ◽  
Pcr Techniques

Background: This study was designed to detect, if there are asymptomatic malaria infections amongst native and immigrant population from Afghanistan and Pakistan countries in Sistan & Baluchistan Province of Iran, where is under the national malaria elimination program. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed among native individuals and resident immigrants in the southeastern province of Sistan & Baluchistan from May 2016 to Jul 2017. A total of 271 individuals were considered in this cross- sectional study based on microscopical method, Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) and PCR techniques. Out of 271 native and immigrant participants 140 (52%) and 131 (48%) were male and female, respectively. Results: None of the prepared samples was diagnosed as malaria positive case when was considered via above mentioned three techniques. Conclusion: Neither native nor immigrant individuals had asymptomatic malaria, hinting that national malaria elimination program is performed according to planned schedule in the studied areas

scholarly journals Baseline Malaria Prevalence at the Targeted Pre-elimination Districts in Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desalegn Nega ◽  
Adugna Abera ◽  
Bokretsion Gidey ◽  
Sindew Mekasha ◽  
Abnet Abebe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Rapid Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Axillary Temperature ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Low Transmission ◽  
Total Prevalence

Abstract Background: Encouraged by the success in malaria control and prevention strategies, several malaria endemic countries have adopted elimination strategies worldwide. Accordingly, Ethiopian ministry of health launched malaria elimination with a stepwise approach by primarily targeting the low-transmission districts and their adjacent areas/zones in order to shrink the country’s malaria map progressively. Hence, this community survey was conducted to establish baseline malaria information at the preliminary phase of elimination for measuring future intervention success in elimination goal. Methods: Community based cross-sectional survey was conducted at twenty malaria elimination targeted districts selected from five regional states and one city administration in Ethiopia. The GPS enabled smart phones programmed with Open Data Kit were used to enumerate 9326 study households and collect data from 29,993 residents. Care Start™ Malaria HRP-2/PLDH Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) were used for blood testing at field level. Armpit digital thermometers were used to measure axillary temperature.Result: Overall malaria prevalence by RDTs was 1.17% (339/28973). The prevalence at district levels ranged from 0.0% to 4.7%. The total prevalence of febrile cases (axillary temperature >37.5oc) in the survey was 9.2% (2760/29993). Among the 2,510 febrile individuals tested with RDTs, only 3.35% (84/2510) were malaria positive. Among all study participants, 0.88% (255/28973) malaria positives were afebrile and 0.29% (84/28973) were febrile individuals. The 75.2% (255/339) of all malaria positives were afebrile. Of the total afebrile malaria cases, 10.2% (26/255) were under-five children and 89.8% (229/255) were above 5 years of age. Conclusion: The 1.17% malaria prevalence that ranges 0 to 4% in some districts by rapid diagnostic tests should be given due consideration by the elimination program. Especially the higher prevalence of afebrile individuals (0.88%) in these transmission settings indicates there may be sustaining hidden transmission. Therefore, active case detection with more sensitive diagnostic techniques than this conventional method is suggested to know more real magnitude of residual malaria in the elimination targeted low transmission areas and break the chain of transmission.

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