Energy-Efficient Closed Loop Heat Pump Dryer for Solid Waste Stabilization on Long Duration Space Missions

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean B. Hunter ◽  
J. M. R. Apollo Arquiza ◽  
Robert Morrow ◽  
William Butrymowicz
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Space Missions ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Waste Stabilization

Anaerobic digestion of space mission wastes

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 177-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.P. Chynoweth ◽  
J.M. Owens ◽  
A.A. Teixeira ◽  
P. Pullammanappallil ◽  
S.S. Luniya
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Space Mission ◽  
Space Missions ◽  
Prototype System ◽  
System A ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
Methane Potential ◽  
Stable Performance ◽  
Space Environments

The technical feasibility of applying leachbed high-solids anaerobic digestion for reduction and stabilization of the organic fraction of solid wastes generated during space missions was investigated. This process has the advantages of not requiring oxygen or high temperature and pressure while producing methane, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and compost as valuable products. Anaerobic biochemical methane potential assays run on several waste feedstocks expected during space missions resulted in ultimate methane yields ranging from 0.23 to 0.30 L g-1 VS added. Modifications for operation of a leachbed anaerobic digestion process in space environments were incorporated into a new design, which included; (1) flooded operation to force leachate through densified feedstock beds; and (2) separation of biogas from leachate in a gas collection reservoir. This mode of operation resulted in stable performance with 85% conversion of a typical space solid waste blend, and a methane yield of 0.3 Lg per g VS added after a retention time of 15 days. These results were reproduced in a full-scale prototype system. A detailed analysis of this process was conducted to design the system sized for a space mission with a six-person crew. Anaerobic digestion compared favorably with other technologies for solid waste stabilization.

Жизнеобеспечение экипажа пилотируемого космического объекта, проблемы управления

2019 ◽  
pp. 109-120
Author(s):  
Boris F. ZARETSKIY ◽  
Arkadiy S. GUZENBERG ◽  
Igor A. SHANGIN
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Support Systems ◽  
Space Missions ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Deep Space ◽  
Automated Control ◽  
Life Support Systems ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Space Life Support

Life support for first manned spaceflights was based on supplies of consumables. Crew life support systems based on supplies of water and oxygen, in spite of their simplicity, are extremely inefficient in orbital space missions and are unfeasible in deep space missions because of mass and volume constraints. Therefore, there are currently developed and are to be used on space stations the life support systems that are based on chemical and physical regeneration of water and oxygen extracted from human waste. In view of further advances in long-duration orbital stations, and the prospects of establishment of planetary outposts and deep space exploration, the problem of constructing an automated system for controlling a suite of regenerative LSS becomes urgent. The complexity of solving the problem of constructing an efficient control system in this case owes to the existence of a large number of effectiveness criteria. The paper proposes a system of consolidated global efficiency criteria, which allows to break up this problem into a series of sub-problems of optimization in order to solve this problem. The proposed criteria are longevity, cost, comfort. The paper presents a series of specific examples of using the proposed principles with necessary generalizations. Key words: space life support systems, atmosphere revitalization equipment, automated control system, global generalized efficiency criteria, longevity, cost, comfort.

CHANGES IN BLOOD PROTEOME OF COSMONAUTS WITH MICRO- AND MACROVASCULAR INJURIES DUE TO G-LOADS AT THE FINAL STAGE OF LONG-DURATION SPACE MISSIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
L.Kh. Pastushkova ◽  
◽  
K.S. Kireev ◽  
I.M. Larina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Blood Rheology ◽  
Landing Site ◽  
Space Missions ◽  
Vascular Injuries ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Integrated Response

The integrated response of the human proteome to re-entry g-loads following long-term space missions was studied in 13 male cosmonauts at the age of 44 ± 6 years. Examination at the landing site discovered local petechial hemorrhages into soft tissues of the back and lower legs. The paper presents a new approach to evaluation of petechia and soft tissue hemorrhages in cosmonauts on return to Earth. Proteomic analysis was performed with the use of LC-MS. Bioinformation analysis was made using Perseus, PubMed, Uniprot and ANDSystem software. Nine out of 19 significantly different (p < 0.05) proteins were related to vascular injuries directly. We described proteins with a primarily protecting effect against endothelial cells apoptosis and augmentation of vascular permeability, proteins that are responsible for blood rheology and proteins antagonistic to the main triggers of ischeamia-reperfusion injuries of the lungs, liver and other parenchymal organs.

Buildings

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Rez
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
The Difference ◽  
As If

Most of the energy used by buildings goes into heating and cooling. For small buildings, such as houses, heat transfer by conduction through the sides is as much as, if not greater than, the heat transfer from air exchanges with the outside. For large buildings, such as offices and factories, the greater volume-to-surface ratio means that air exchanges are more significant. Lights, people and equipment can make significant contributions. Since the energy used depends on the difference in temperature between the inside and the outside, local climate is the most important factor that determines energy use. If heating is required, it is usually more efficient to use a heat pump than to directly burn a fossil fuel. Using diffuse daylight is always more energy efficient than lighting up a room with artificial lights, although this will set a limit on the size of buildings.

scholarly journals Latent heat storage integration into heat pump based heating systems for energy-efficient load shifting

2021 ◽  
Vol 236 ◽  
pp. 114042
Author(s):  
Tianhao Xu ◽  
Emma Nyholm Humire ◽  
Justin Ningwei Chiu ◽  
Samer Sawalha
Keyword(s):  
Latent Heat ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Heat Storage ◽  
Latent Heat Storage ◽  
Load Shifting ◽  
Heating Systems

scholarly journals Energy Communities Design Optimization in the Italian Framework

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 5218
Author(s):  
Matteo Zatti ◽  
Matteo Moncecchi ◽  
Marco Gabba ◽  
Alberto Chiesa ◽  
Filippo Bovera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Member State ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Community Initiatives ◽  
Operation Optimization ◽  
Energy Community ◽  
Energy Assets ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Italian Legislation

Energy communities (EC) are expected to have a pivotal role to reach European decarbonization targets. One of the key aspects is the regulatory framework adopted by each Member State to properly manage such new customers’ aggregation. The paper firstly provides an updated overview of the EC regulation, focusing on the current Italian legislation. Next, a novel methodology for the design and management of energy community initiatives is proposed. The procedure firstly solves a design and operation optimization problem to calculate the best size of energy assets (boiler, heat pump, photovoltaic, thermal storage) to be installed. Second, a Shapley value-based approach is exploited to distribute a part of the community’s incomes to members, based on their contribution to the overall welfare. Results demonstrate that the adopted methodology is effective in ensuring a proper cash flow for the community, while pushing its members towards energy efficient behaviors.

scholarly journals Socio-economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on waste bank closed-loop system in Surabaya, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
pp. 0734242X2110179
Author(s):  
IDAA Warmadewanthi ◽  
Dwi Wulandari ◽  
Mokhamad Nur Cahyadi ◽  
Ellina Sitepu Pandebesie ◽  
Maria Anityasari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Loop System ◽  
Closed Loop System ◽  
Informal Recycling ◽  
Socio Economic Impact ◽  
Waste Bank

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused most waste recycling activities to be terminated due to several factors, such as concerns about the spread of coronavirus through the collected solid waste. This study investigates the socio-economic impact of the situation of the closed-loop system of solid waste recycling. Several recommendations for tackling this problem are presented in this research. Primary data collection for the waste bank and informal recycling sector was carried out in the eastern part of Surabaya during large-scale social restrictions. In-depth interviews were conducted with waste bank customers, waste bank unit representatives and the informal recycling sector to understand the pandemic’s socio-economic impact on the closed-loop system. Results show that this pandemic has significant impacts on individuals and stakeholders engaged in waste recycling activities. Customers of waste banks, who mostly belong to low-income communities, mentioned that the waste bank closure gave rise to social and economic problems, such as increasing unmanaged solid waste and decreasing income. This result also applied to the informal recycling sector. The government can use the recommendations in this study to generate related policies, such as enforcing the health protocol within solid waste management to keep the recycling system in place and the business alive.

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