Extreme Premature Small for Gestational Age Infants Have Appropriate Catch-up Growth at Term Equivalence Compared with Extreme Premature Appropriate for Gestational Age Infants

Abstract Background A legitimate indication for growth hormone (GH) therapy in children born too light or short at birth [small-for-gestational age (SGA)] exists in Germany and the European Union only if special criteria are met. Methods We conducted a longitudinal, multi-centered study on full-term appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA, n=1496) and pre-term born SGA (n=173) and full-term SGA children (n=891) in Germany from 2006 to 2010. We analyzed height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and head circumference. Results Pre-term or full-term born SGA children were shorter, lighter and had a lower BMI from birth until 3 years of age than full-term AGA children. The growth velocity of the analyzed anthropometric measurements was significantly higher in pre-term and full-term SGA children exclusively in the first 2 years of life than in AGA children. The criteria for GH treatment were fulfilled by 12.1% of pre-term SGA children compared to only 1.3% of full-term SGA children. Conclusion For children that do not catch up growth within the first 2 years of life, an earlier start of GH treatment should be considered, because a catch-up growth later than 2 years of life does not exist. Pre-term SGA-born children more frequently fulfill the criteria for GH treatment than full-term SGA children.

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Hormonal regulation of postnatal growth from birth to age six months in Small-for-Gestational - Age children

Pediatrician (St Petersburg) ◽

10.17816/ped73104-110 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 104-110

Author(s):

Kristina F Islamova ◽

Dmitriy O Ivanov ◽

Yuriy V Petrenko ◽

Elizaveta A Kurzina

Keyword(s):

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Hormonal Regulation ◽

Later Life ◽

Postnatal Growth ◽

Blood Levels ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽

Catch Up

This article is devoted to the investigation hormonal mechanisms of postnatal growth from birth to age six months in small for gestational age children (SGA) with asymmetrical and asymmetrical IUGR. The IGF-1 and GH levels, insulin sensitivity (by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR)) were measured blood at 3 and 6 months of age. The prospective study includes 40 SGA infants (group 1) - 24 - with asymmetrical (1a) and 16 with symmetrical IUGR babies (1b) and 17 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants (group 2). Most SGA infants showed rapid, or “catch-up” postnatal growth. Symmetrical IUGR infants with “catch-up” growth had higher IGF-1 and growth GH levels at 3 month of age than asymmetrical IUGR with “catch-up” growth (p < 0,05). From 3 to 6 months of age 77 % of infants with “catch-up” growth showed retardation of growth velocity. At 6 month of age SGA infants with “catch-up” growth had lower IGF-1, GH blood levels and HOMA-IR than at 3 months of age (p < 0,05). Infants without “catch-up” growth had similar hormone levels at 3 and 6 months of age. We suppose, that these changes of “GH - IGF-1” axis and insulin sensitivity at age 3 and 6 months in SGA infants are the mechanisms, which promote the postnatal growth. It can be assumed that the same mechanisms may underlie metabolic disorders in later life.

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Small for Gestational Age Preterm Neonates Exhibit Defective GH/IGF1 Signaling Pathway

Frontiers in Pediatrics ◽

10.3389/fped.2021.711400 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Emmanuelle Motte-Signoret ◽

Shivani Shankar-Aguilera ◽

Sylvie Brailly-Tabard ◽

Yohan Soreze ◽

Valentina Dell Orto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Head Circumference ◽

Hormonal Regulation ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Preterm Neonates ◽

Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽

Prospective Comparative Study ◽

Catch Up ◽

The Impact

Objective: To investigate the impact of fetal growth restriction (FGR) on hormonal regulation of post-natal growth and glucose metabolism [via insulin and growth hormone (GH)/Insulin-like Growth factor 1 (IGF1) axis pathways] in small for gestational age (SGA) neonates.Methods: We conducted a monocentric observational prospective comparative study on 73 singleton babies born with a weight inferior to 2,000 g. We analyzed auxological (weight, height and head circumference), and hormonal (GH, IGF1, and insulin plasma concentrations) data comparing SGA and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) neonates, between day 1 and 60.Results: One third (23/73) of the neonates were SGA. Twenty-five percent (18/73) required insulin for idiopathic hyperglycemia of prematurity and were smaller in weight and head circumference at discharge. In the SGA group compared with the AGA group, GH plasma concentrations were higher at day 3 (70.1 vs. 38.0 mIU/L) and IGF1 plasma concentrations were higher at day 10 (29.0 vs. 18.7 ng/ml).Conclusions: SGA neonates displayed resistance to GH and IGF1, concomitant to insulin resistance. This could partially explain the initial defective catch-up growth and, later in life, the higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome in this population.

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Characteristics of Catch-Up Growth in Very Low Birth Weight Infants (<1500 g)

10.5772/intechopen.96933 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Teodoro Durá-Travé ◽

Isabel San Martín-García ◽

Fidel Gallinas-Victoriano ◽

María Malumbres-Chacón ◽

Paula Moreno-González ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Very Low Birth Weight ◽

Control Group ◽

Low Birth Weight Infants ◽

Normal Height ◽

Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽

Catch Up

Features of catch-up growth are not well established in very low birth weight infants (VLBW). The aim of this study is to analyze the catch-up growth in height and some factors associated in a cohort of VLBW (<1500 g) from birth to age 14 years. Retrospective registration of weight and height at birth and ages 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 years in a cohort of 170 VLBW have been recorded Anthropometric variables were compared with those from a control group. Sixty-nine (40.6%) were small for gestational age (SGA subgroup) and 101 (59.4%) were appropriate for gestational age (AGA subgroup). Thirty-seven (21.8%) were extremely low birth weight (ELBW), and 32 (18.8%) extremely preterm (EPT). At age 2, 4 and 10 years, 49.4%, 78.9% and 87.1% VLBW, respectively, did reach normal height. Between 4 and 10 years of age, only 8.2% of VLBW reached normal height. At 10 years of age, 7% of VLBW (1000–1500 g) and 35% of ELBW (<1500 g) showed short stature (p = 0.001). Almost the entire sample of VLBW with normal height at age 2, 4 and 10 have reached an adequate catch-up growth in weight in the previous evaluations. ELBW, SGA and EPT were found to be independent predictors for inadequate catch-up growth in height at 2, 4, and 10 years of age. The growth pattern of children born preterm has particular features: they have a lower rate and/or slowness in the catch-up growth in height with respect to that described in full-term small-for-gestational-age infants. Catch-up in weight appears to be a decisive factor for catch-up in height, and, on this basis, we recommend a rigorous nutritional follow-up in these individuals. If these measures do not help improve catch-up in height, they may be eligible for the establishment of rhGH therapy.

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Umbilical Cord miRNAs in Small-for-Gestational-Age Children and Association With Catch-Up Growth: A Pilot Study

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2018-02346 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 104 (11) ◽

pp. 5285-5298 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Berta Mas-Parés ◽

Sílvia Xargay-Torrent ◽

Alexandra Bonmatí ◽

Esther Lizarraga-Mollinedo ◽

José Maria Martínez-Calcerrada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Umbilical Cord ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Postnatal Growth ◽

Anthropometric Parameters ◽

Cardiometabolic Diseases ◽

In Silico Studies ◽

Umbilical Cord Tissue ◽

Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽

Catch Up

Abstract Context Catch-up growth in infants who are small for gestational age (SGA) is a risk factor for the development of cardiometabolic diseases in adulthood. The basis and mechanisms underpinning catch-up growth in newborns who are SGA are unknown. Objective To identify umbilical cord miRNAs associated with catch-up growth in infants who are SGA and study their relationship with offspring’s cardiometabolic parameters. Design miRNA PCR panels were used to study the miRNA profile in umbilical cord tissue of five infants who were SGA with catch-up (SGA-CU), five without catch-up (SGA-nonCU), and five control infants [appropriate for gestational age (AGA)]. The miRNAs with the smallest nominal P values were validated in 64 infants (22 AGA, 18 SGA-nonCU, and 24 SGA-CU) and correlated with anthropometric parameters at 1 (n = 64) and 6 years of age (n = 30). Results miR-501-3p, miR-576-5p, miR-770-5p, and miR-876-3p had nominally significant associations with increased weight, height, weight catch-up, and height catch-up at 1 year, and miR-374b-3p, miR-548c-5p, and miR-576-5p had nominally significant associations with increased weight, height, waist, hip, and renal fat at 6 years. Multivariate analysis suggested miR-576-5p as a predictor of weight catch-up and height catch-up at 1 year, as well as weight, waist, and renal fat at 6 years. In silico studies suggested that miR-576-5p participates in the regulation of inflammatory, growth, and proliferation signaling pathways. Conclusions Umbilical cord miRNAs could be novel biomarkers for the early identification of catch-up growth in infants who are SGA. miR-576-5p may contribute to the regulation of postnatal growth and influence the risk for cardiometabolic diseases associated with a mismatch between prenatal and postnatal weight gain.

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Outcome in preterm small for gestational age infants compared to appropriate for gestational age preterms at the age of 2 years: a prospective study

European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology ◽

10.1016/s0301-2115(03)00178-7 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 110 ◽

pp. S93-S97 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Ludwig Gortner ◽

Michael van Husen ◽

Ute Thyen ◽

Ulrich Gembruch ◽

Hans-Jürgen Friedrich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prospective Study ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽

A Prospective Study

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Comparison of Phototherapy Results in Small-for-Gestational-Age and Appropriate-for-Gestational-Age Infants Weighing Less Than 2,000 Grams

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.75.2.413 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 75 (2) ◽

pp. 413-441

Author(s):

Joan E. Hodgman ◽

Paul Y. K. Wu ◽

Nathaniel B. White ◽

Dolores A. Bryla

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Congenital Defects ◽

Intrauterine Growth ◽

Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽

Study Population ◽

Similar Weight ◽

Gestational Age At Birth ◽

Evaluation Techniques

The infant who is small for gestational age (SGA) is more mature at birth than similar weight infants who are appropriate for gestational age (AGA). Whether the SGA infant behaves as does the larger gestationally equivalent infant, or whether there are specific changes related to intrauterine growth retardation is a matter of some interest in the understanding of the special needs of these infants. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) phototherapy study provided a large newborn population for whom birth weight, gestational age at birth, and, thereby, intrauterine growth were carefully assessed. Infants who weighed 2,000 g or more at birth were included in the study only when they became jaundiced, whereas infants who weighed less than 2,000 g at birth were routinely entered into the study. Consequently, this report will be limited to the lowbirth-weight population selected by birth weight. Too few SGA babies were present in the groups with greater birth weight to allow meaningful comparisons. PATIENT SELECTIQN All infants whose birth weight was less than 2,000 g were entered into the study at 24 ± 12 hours. Those excluded from the study were: (1) infants who died before 24 hours, (2) infants with serious congenital defects, and (3) infants whose mothers refused consent for study. The study population consisted of 922 infants surviving at 24 hours. Gestational age was calculated from the first day of the last menstrual period obtained from maternal history and also by the evaluation techniques of Dubowitz.25 Intrauterine growth was determined by plotting birth weight and gestational age on the Denver Intrauterine Growth Curves8; infants below the 10th percentile were considered SGA.

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Insulin Responses During Catch-up Growth of Infants Who Were Small for Gestational Age

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.57.3.363 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 57 (3) ◽

pp. 363-371

Author(s):

Eleanor Colle ◽

David Schiff ◽

Gail Andrew ◽

Charles B. Bauer ◽

Pamela Fitzhardinge

Keyword(s):

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Growth Velocity ◽

Insulin Response ◽

Growth Characteristics ◽

Term Infants ◽

The Mean ◽

Catch Up ◽

Insulin Responses ◽

Permissive Role

Growth characteristics of 15 full-term infants, selected because of weights more than 2 SD below the mean for gestational age, are described. The response to an intravenous injection of glucose was utilized to measure the insulin response of the infants at 6 months. Infants small for gestational age grow at a faster rate than appropriate-for-age infants during the first six months of life. There was a positive correlation between the growth velocity of the period and insulin release and a negative correlation between growth velocity and birth length. There was no correlation between these variables and increases in weight during the same period. Growth velocity during catch-up growth is related to the degree of preceding retardation but insulin may play a permissive role.

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