scholarly journals Advances in treatment and prevention of hepatitis B

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 56-78
Author(s):  
Niraj James Shah ◽  
Mark M Aloysius ◽  
Neil Rohit Sharma ◽  
Kumar Pallav
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Treatment And Prevention

Viral Hepatitis Other than A, B, or C

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadeem Anwar ◽  
Kenneth E. Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Hepatitis D ◽  
Hepatitis D Virus ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Key Words Hepatitis

Viral hepatitis is a global, although variably distributed, health problem associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Infection with a hepatitis virus leads to acute inflammation and liver cell damage (hepatocyte injury). Such infection may be symptomatic or subclinical and may result in disease resolution, death from fulminant hepatic failure, or development of  a chronic disease state. Whereas the chronic infection with hepatitis B and C accounts for a global burden of more than 500,000,000 cases, the global death rate from all types of hepatitis is approximately 1 million people annually. This review focuses on the virology, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis D and hepatitis E, as well as other viruses associated with hepatitis. Figures show the global distribution of hepatitis D infection, elevation of anti–hepatitis D virus antibodies in hepatitis B/hepatitis D virus coinfection, geographic distribution of hepatitis E virus by genotype, factors significant in the pathogenesis of hepatitis E, and pattern of antibody elevation in hepatitis E. The table lists proposed diagnostic criteria for hepatitis E virus. This review contains 5 highly rendered figures, 1 table, and 42 references. Key words: hepatitis D, hepatitis D virus, hepatitis E, hepatitis E virus, non-A hepatitis, non-B hepatitis, non-C hepatitis, viral hepatitis 

scholarly journals Endemic hepatitis B virus (HBV) among hospital in-patients in Bangladesh, including evidence of occult infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fazle Rabbi Chowdhury ◽  
Anna L McNaughton ◽  
Mohammad Robed Amin ◽  
Lovely Barai ◽  
Mili Rani Saha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hbv Dna ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Occult Hepatitis ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
B Virus ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Hospital Patients ◽  
Surface Gene

ABSTRACTBangladesh is one of the world’s top ten burdened countries for viral hepatitis. We investigated an adult fever cohort (n=201) recruited in Dhaka, to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and to identify cases of occult hepatitis B infection (OBI). HBV exposure (anti-HBc) was documented in 72/201 (36%), and active HBV infection in 16/201 (8%), among whom 3 were defined as OBI (defined as detectable HBV DNA but negative HBsAg). Applying a target-enrichment sequencing pipeline to samples with HBV DNA >3.0log10 IU/ml, we obtained deep whole genome sequences for four cases, identifying genotypes A, C and D. Polymorphisms in the surface gene of the OBI case may account for the negative HBsAg status. We identified mutations associated with nucleos(t)ide analogue resistance, although the clinical significance in this cohort is not known. The high prevalence of HBV in this setting highlights the benefits of offering screening in hospital patients and the importance of HBV DNA testing of transfusion products to reduce the risk of transmission. In order to work towards international Sustainable Development Goal targets for HBV elimination, increased investment is required for diagnosis, treatment and prevention in Bangladesh.

Viral Hepatitis Other Than A, B, or C

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadeem Anwar ◽  
Kenneth E. Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Hepatitis D ◽  
Hepatitis D Virus ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Key Words Hepatitis

Viral hepatitis is a global, although variably distributed, health problem associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Infection with a hepatitis virus leads to acute inflammation and liver cell damage (hepatocyte injury). Such infection may be symptomatic or subclinical and may result in disease resolution, death from fulminant hepatic failure, or development of  a chronic disease state. Whereas the chronic infection with hepatitis B and C accounts for a global burden of more than 500,000,000 cases, the global death rate from all types of hepatitis is approximately 1 million people annually. This review focuses on the virology, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis D and hepatitis E, as well as other viruses associated with hepatitis. Figures show the global distribution of hepatitis D infection, elevation of anti–hepatitis D virus antibodies in hepatitis B/hepatitis D virus coinfection, geographic distribution of hepatitis E virus by genotype, factors significant in the pathogenesis of hepatitis E, and pattern of antibody elevation in hepatitis E. The table lists proposed diagnostic criteria for hepatitis E virus. This review contains 5 highly rendered figures, 1 table, and 42 references. Key words: hepatitis D, hepatitis D virus, hepatitis E, hepatitis E virus, non-A hepatitis, non-B hepatitis, non-C hepatitis, viral hepatitis 

Global prevalence, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in 2016: a modelling study

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 383-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devin Razavi-Shearer ◽  
Ivane Gamkrelidze ◽  
Mindie H Nguyen ◽  
Ding-Shinn Chen ◽  
Pierre Van Damme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus Infection ◽  
Global Prevalence ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Modelling Study

scholarly journals HEPATITIS B VIRUS AND UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS: A STUDY ON LEVELS OF AWARENESS IN UNIVERSITIES ACROSS KARACHI

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukkaram Ali ◽  
Fauzia Imtiaz ◽  
Muhammad Ahsan Rehman Khan ◽  
Zaeem-ur-Rehman Khan ◽  
Bilal Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Infection Transmission ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
B Virus

Background: To assess awareness levels of Hepatitis B virus infection, transmission, treatment and prevention in medical and nonmedical students of Karachi. Methods: Undergraduate students in 6 medical and non-medical universities were randomly approached to fill out a questionnaire. A sample size of 530 students was collected and data was analyzed using SPSS 20 software and chi square tests for significance. Results: Of the 530 students interviewed, 361(68.1%) and 169(31.9%) were identified as medical and non-medical students respectively. Significantly greater knowledge on modes of transmission were noted in medical students as well as overall levels of awareness of Hepatitis B virus, (p=0.001) and (p=0.003) respectively. Conclusion: Both medical and non-medical students showed a moderate level of awareness of Hepatitis B virus, its modes of transmission, treatment and preventive measures. Medical students showed an overall greater level of awareness.

scholarly journals Advances in treatment and prevention of hepatitis B

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 56-78
Author(s):  
Niraj James Shah ◽  
Mark M Aloysius ◽  
Neil Rohit Sharma ◽  
Kumar Pallav
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Treatment And Prevention

scholarly journals A systematic review of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) drug and vaccine escape mutations in Africa: a call for urgent action

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolynne Mokaya ◽  
Anna L McNaughton ◽  
Martin J Hadley ◽  
Apostolos Beloukas ◽  
Anna-Maria Geretti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Diagnostic Screening ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
B Virus ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Sub Saharan

ABSTRACTInternational sustainable development goals for the elimination of viral hepatitis as a public health problem by 2030 highlight the pressing need to optimize strategies for prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Selected or transmitted resistance associated mutations (RAMs) and vaccine escape mutations (VEMs) in hepatitis B virus (HBV) may reduce the success of existing treatment and prevention strategies. These issues are particularly pertinent for many settings in Africa where there is high HBV prevalence and co-endemic HIV infection, but lack of robust epidemiological data and limited education, diagnostics and clinical care. The prevalence, distribution and impact of RAMs and VEMs in these populations are neglected in the current literature. We therefore set out to assimilate data for sub-Saharan Africa through a systematic literature review and analysis of published sequence data, and present these in an on-line database (https://livedataoxford.shinyapps.io/1510659619-3Xkoe2NKkKJ7Drg/). The majority of the data were from HIV/HBV coinfected cohorts. The commonest RAM was rtM204I/V, either alone or in combination with compensatory mutations, and identified in both reportedly treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced adults. We also identified the suite of mutations rtM204V/I + rtL180M + rtV173L, that has been associated with vaccine escape, in over 1/3 of cohorts. Although tenofovir has a high genetic barrier to resistance, it is of concern that emerging data suggest polymorphisms that may be associated with resistance, although the precise clinical impact of these is unknown. Overall, there is an urgent need for improved diagnostic screening, enhanced laboratory assessment of HBV before and during therapy, and sustained roll out of tenofovir in preference to lamivudine alone. Further data are needed in order to inform population and individual approaches to HBV diagnosis, monitoring and therapy in these highly vulnerable settings.Author’s summaryThe Global Hepatitis Health Sector Strategy is aiming for the elimination of viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030. However, mutations associated with drug resistance and vaccine escape may reduce the success of existing treatment and prevention strategies. In the current literature, the prevalence, distribution and impact of hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutations in many settings in Africa are neglected, despite the high prevalence of HBV and co-endemic HIV infection. This systematic review describes the frequency, prevalence and co-occurrence of mutations associated with HBV drug resistance and vaccine escape mutations in Africa. The findings suggest a high prevalence of these mutations in some populations in sub-Saharan Africa. Scarce resources have contributed to the lack of HBV diagnostic screening, inconsistent supply of drugs, and poor access to clinical monitoring, all of which contribute to drug and vaccine resistance. Sustainable long-term investment is required to expand consistent drug and vaccine supply, to provide screening to diagnose infection and to detect drug resistance, and to provide appropriate targeted clinical monitoring for treated patients.

Infections caused by DNA viruses

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippa C. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Causes Of Disease ◽  
The Tropics

This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, and tables to summarize DNA viruses that are significant causes of disease in the tropics and subtropics. This includes pox viruses and hepatitis B virus. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention

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