scholarly journals Śvetāmbara Jain Canonical Commentators Writing in Sanskrit

Asian Studies ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Royce WILES
Keyword(s):  
Reference Point ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
First Time

Jain commentaries in Sanskrit are vital for an understanding of the old Jain religious texts in Prakrit, the commentaries date from the 8th to 13th century. The major commentators are well-known in name but as yet there has not been any sustained research on their works. This article attempts to provide an initial reference point by listing (for the first time) all known published editions of Jain commentaries in Sanskrit on the Śvetāmbara canon by Śīlaṅka (9th century), Abhayadeva (10th century) and Malayagiri (10th –11th century).   

scholarly journals EXTERNAL DEFENSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS OF JURCHEN CITES IN EASTERN XIA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Н.Г. Артемьева ◽  
С.В. Макиевский
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Far East Of Russia ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Mountain Landscape ◽  
Topographic Features ◽  
North East ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Natural Terrain ◽  
First Time

Государство Восточное Ся (1215–1233 гг.) было создано чжурчжэнями для защиты от монгольского вторжения на территории Северо-Востока Китая, в которую входил юг Дальнего Востока России. При строительстве городов-крепостей широко использовались естественно-географические условия. Горный ландшафт создавал возможность строить горные городища в распадках сопок, используя природные условия как дополнительные преграды. При исследовании фортификационных сооружений Шайгинского городища были выявлены основные и дополнительные оборонные сооружения чжурчжэньских укрепленных поселений, прослежена эволюция средневекового оборонного зодчества Дальнего Востока. В наиболее уязвимых местах возводились внешние дополнительные сооружения – реданы и отсекающие валы. Редан Шайгинского городища представлял собой сооружение шириной около 30 м, окруженное тремя валами и тремя рвами. В качестве дополнительного укрепления применялись отсекающие рвы, которые перекрывали подходы по мысам к городищу. На Шайгинском городище прослежено четыре отсекающих рва. Внешние фортификационные сооружения в виде редана и отсекающих рвов выполняли функцию первой линии защиты чжурчжэньских городов-крепостей. Эти укрепления впервые зафиксированы на горных городищах периода государства Восточного Ся. Их можно считать достижением чжурчжэньских градостроителей XIII в. The Eastern Xia Kingdom(1215–1233) was established by the Jurchens to defend themselves against invasions of the Mongols in North-East Chinathat included the southern parts of the Far East of Russia. Local topographic features were widely used in construction of city fortresses. Mountain landscape provided an opportunity to build mountainous fortified settlements into narrow valleys of sopkas to follow the natural terrain contours and use them to create additional obstacles. Excavations of the Shayginskoye hillfort revealed main and additional defensive constructions of Jurchen fortified settlements tracing the evolution of medieval defensive architecture in the Far East. Additional external constructions such as redans and cut-off ramparts were erected in soft spots of fortifications. The redan of the Shayginskoye hillfort was a construction around 20 mwide which was surrounded with three ramparts and three ditches. Cut-off ditches that closed access to the hillfort through promontories were used as an additional obstacle. Four cut-off ditches were identified at the Shayginskoye hillfort. External fortification constructions such as redans and cut-off ditches served to be the first defensive line of Jurchen fortress cities. This type of fortifications was recorded for the first time in mountainous hillforts of Eastern Xia. They can be regarded as an achievement of Jurchen town planners of the 13th century.

The Treaty of Meaux-Paris (1228)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Vicent Martines
Keyword(s):  
Collective Identity ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
French Law ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
Just Right

The authors analyze the Treaty of Meaux-Paris (1228) signed between France and Toulouse. It has extraordinary relevance as it establishes the terms of the application of French law over the powerful county of Toulouse and by extension over Occitan lands, as the result of the Battle of Muret (1213). They offer the first translation ever (into English) of this treaty and they analyze it as the legal rendering of the centralized expansion of the French Crown on its way towards becoming an absolutist monarchy. They also study for the first time this treaty in comparison to the Decrees of Nova Planta issued in Spain between 1707-1716 by a king of French origin which represented the fulfillment of an authoritarian process that began in France in the 13th century. The treaty and the decrees used the concept of the “just right of conquest,” which provided a (debatable) legitimacy to the interests of the winning parties. They analyze literary texts such as the Cançó de la Croada as well as historical contemporary accounts creation of a Catalan collective identity.

Georgia before the Mongols

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen H. Rapp Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Social Landscape ◽  
Southern Georgia ◽  
First Time ◽  
New Phase

Nestled in one of Eurasia’s most energetic crossroads, Georgia has a long and multifaceted history. The remains of Homo georgicus excavated at Dmanisi in southern Georgia belong to the oldest hominids yet discovered outside Africa. They have been reliably dated to 1.8 million years ago. Subsequent Neolithic, Chalcolithic, and Bronze Age sites are distributed throughout the region between the Black and Caspian Seas. But it is not until the early 1st millennium bce that the immediate ancestors of modern Georgians emerge in the historical record. Their attestation sharpens in the Achaemenid and early Hellenistic epochs. The peoples of Caucasia were thrust upon the Eurasian stage principally as a result of their associations with Iran. They were, at the same time, active members in the first Iranian Commonwealth, a massive cross-cultural enterprise stretching from Central Asia to the Balkans. Toward the end of the 4th century bce, the disruption triggered by Alexander’s conquest of Achaemenid Persia sparked the formation of a kingdom anchored in the eastern Georgian territory of Kʻartʻli (Iberia). Caucasia’s Iranian and especially Iranic (“Persianate”) cultures proved remarkably durable. The Irano-Caucasian nexus pushed into the medieval period, having endured the Christianization of the realms of Kʻartʻli, Armenia, and Caucasian Albania. As was the case elsewhere, Christianity’s long-term success hinged on its adaptation to the existing social pattern. Caucasia’s social landscape continued to be dominated by dynastic noble houses, but the hybrid Zoroastrianisms they had long favored were eclipsed by Christianity starting in the 4th century. Meanwhile, in western Georgia the polities based in Egrisi (cf. Greek Colchis) fell under the stronger influence of the Graeco-Roman Mediterranean. They too were brought into the Christian fold in late antiquity. The Kʻartʻvelian monarchy was abolished by the Sasanians circa 580 and remained in abeyance until 888. In the afterglow of the interregnum, the ascendant Bagratid dynasty—following the “Byzantinizing” path blazed by the Georgian Church—consciously reoriented kingship from an Iranian to a Byzantine basis as it politically integrated eastern and western Georgia for the first time. Nevertheless, at the height of the all-Georgian kingdom, many aspects of Iranic culture flourished, including epic literature. Mongol hegemony across much of the 13th century marks a crucial turning point in Georgian history. Under Īlkhānid rule, Caucasia’s access to the Eurasian ecumene expanded significantly, but the political fragmentation of Georgia intensified. In the new phase of imperialism ushered by Timur (Tamerlane), the Irano-Caucasian nexus blossomed one last time under the Safavids before the isthmus fell under Russian and then Soviet control.

scholarly journals The Early History of Moscow: 14C Dates from Red Square

Radiocarbon ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 583-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander L. Alexandrovskiy ◽  
Johannes Van Der Plicht ◽  
Nikolay Krenke ◽  
Olga Chichagova ◽  
Nikolai Kovaliukh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Cultural Layer ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Center ◽  
First Time ◽  
Archaeological Excavations

For the first time, a series of 14C dates has been obtained for samples from the archaeological excavations in Red Square, the historical center of Moscow. The remains of burned dwellings from the bottom of the cultural layer were dated as well as dispersed charcoal from the underlying plough soil. The results correspond to a 200-yr time interval and prove that arable activity at the site began as early as the late 11th century ad. The field belonged to Moscow itself or to rural settlements nearby. The oldest dwelling was built ca. the late 12th–early 13th century ad.

Vitae et Miracula Sancti Christoduli Patmensis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis D. Polemis ◽  
Theodora Antonopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Personal Names ◽  
Fourth Crusade ◽  
Monastic Community ◽  
History Of ◽  
Unique Source ◽  
First Time ◽  
Critical Aspects

The Greek dossier on St. Christodoulos, founder of the monastery of Patmos (1088), consists of four texts, three vitae and a narrative of a miracle, all written within roughly two centuries after the saint’s death by brethren of his monastic community. They are not only important for the reconstruction of the course of life of one of the most famous Byzantine saints, but they are also a unique source for the political and social history of Byzantium and the Eastern Mediterranean from the late 11th to the 13th century. Despite their great importance, these texts have remained almost unknown until today because they are contained in a 19th century edition that is hardly accessible any more and was intended exclusively for the monks and visitors of the John Prodromos Monastery. The new critical edition, which is accompanied by a critical and exhaustive apparatus of sources as well as an index of personal names and of all passages of previous authors quoted or referred to in the texts, will be appreciated by historians and literary scholars alike. Historians will now have at their disposal an important source for the history of the Comnenian period and beyond, while scholars interested in Byzantine literature will have the opportunity to examine in depth four important and rather complex documents, which offer three different visions of the phenomenon of sanctity in Byzantium at the eve of the Fourth Crusade. The introduction discusses several literary, historical and text-critical aspects of the dossier. Extensive summaries in English make these texts available to a wider audience for the first time.

scholarly journals From history of proctology

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovan Maksimovic ◽  
Marko Maksimovic
Keyword(s):  
Perianal Fistula ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Anorectal Fistula ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Medical Discipline ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anorectal Diseases ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
Second World

The authors of this paper presented the key moments in the development of proctology, a medical discipline which is an integral part of surgery, whose development path was inseparable from the historical development of operational medicine. Even in the ancient Egypt, proctology was an important branch of medicine. Out of eight of so far known medical papyri in the history of proctology, the most important one is the Beatty`s (Chester Beatty) papyrus from the 13th century BC, which is actually a short monograph on diseases of the anus and their treatment. In the ancient period, operative proctology reached the highest level in the time of Hippocrates. In detail, and with special care, the operative procedures of the large intestine, primarily perianal fistula and hemorrhoids were described in the Hippocratic writings. One of the most famous Roman medical writers, Celsus (Cornelius Celsus Asullus) described the surgery of hemorrhoids by their ligature and the surgery of anorectal fistula in two ways: ligation of the fistula channel by string of raw flax and fistula incision through the probe placed through the fistula channel. Doctors of the 18th and the 19th century introduced into practice some more complicated surgical procedures in the treatment of anorectal diseases. The French surgeons were the leaders. In 1710, Littr? performed, for the first time, anus praeter naturalis and Jacques Lisfranc (1790-1847) pioneered the method of perineal resection of the rectum for cancer. The first rectoscope was constructed in 1895 and in 1903 it was introduced into practice by Kelly (Kelly Howard Atwood). A sudden progress in the diagnosis and treatment of anorectal diseases occurred after the Second World War and the trend has continued to this day.

إضافات جديدة إلى النقوش الكتابية الإسلامية المكتشفة في مصر (A New Addition to Islamic Inscriptions Recently Discovered in Egypt)

Abgadiyat ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-93
Author(s):  
مجدي عبد الجواد علوان
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
Material Sources ◽  
Plastic Arts ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Town ◽  
Applied Arts

Ancient Arabic inscriptions, is a leading position among material sources for the study of Islamic monuments in terms of form and content, and distinction for its role in highlighting building context, applied arts and various types of plastic arts. The theme of this research study is two inscriptions in Egypt to be published scientifically for the first time, through two stelea not registered among the Islamic monuments, and found in Lower Egypt, in two villages belonging to the town of Abyar, one of the large villages in Kafr El Zayat, Gharbia Governorate. The first inscription is a tombstone dated to year 313 AH / 925 CE, and the second is a text of an extinct mosque of the Mamluk era Marine during the reign of Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Kalaoun, and attributed to one of his princes dating Year 730 AH / 1329 CE. This research is a study of these two inscriptions, in terms of form and content, through examing the styles of calligraphy, and what they contain concerning religious texts, advertisements and titles, with a comparative analysis of other inscriptions. The research includes five panels and three tablets. (Please note that this article is in Arabic)

A Syro-Turkic Poem on Divine Economy Ascribed to Khāmīs

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 299-324
Author(s):  
Anton Pritula ◽  
Peter Zieme
Keyword(s):  
13Th Century ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
Stable Combination

Abstract The text being discussed is found in many manuscripts of the Divan (collection of poems) of an East Syriac poet Khāmīs bar Qardāḥē (late 13th century). The edition demonstrates the discrepancies in rendering glosses in the Turkish stanzas, in contrast to a relative unity of readings in the Syriac ones. To explain these discrepancies, the following pages discuss the lack of consistency in the Turkic Garshuni tradition. In addition, the poem is one of the earliest texts of this group. It should be dated to the period close to the life of Khāmīs, but was not necessarily composed by this poet, since it is absent from the earliest surviving copies. All the Syriac stanzas use quatrains in a 7-7-8-8 meter. Each of them has its own internal rhyme that follows a constant scheme, i.e. in every first, second and and fourth lines of each verse (ааха). In the Turkic stanzas, the verses have an irregular meter that varies from eight to ten syllables. In the Turkic translation of the Syriac original, one finds many syriacisms, such as bar Maryam (the Son of Mary), a stable combination used in the texts. Such a broad use of borrowings, both in vocabulary and syntax, is common for translated religious texts, especially liturgical ones, in which the proximity to the original might have a great importance.

scholarly journals Dynamic Expectation Theory: Insights for Market Participants

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Bodo Herzog
Keyword(s):  
Reference Point ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Market Environment ◽  
Learning Agents ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Expectation Theory ◽  
Time Invariant ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

This paper develops a new methodology in order to study the role of dynamic expectations. Neither reference-point theories nor feedback models are sufficient to describe human expectations in a dynamic market environment. We use an interdisciplinary approach and demonstrate that expectations of non-learning agents are time-invariant and isotropic. On the contrary, learning enhances expectations. We uncover the “yardstick of expectations” in order to assess the impact of market developments on expectations. For the first time in the literature, we reveal new insights about the motion of dynamic expectations. Finally, the model is suitable for an AI approach and has major implications on the behaviour of market participants.

scholarly journals EPIGRAPHY OF THE XII–XVIII CENTURIES FROM THE AGUL VILLAGE OF RICHA (NEW DATA)

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-49
Author(s):  
Zamir S. Zakariyaev ◽  
Magomedrashid A. Gasanov
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
Valuable Data ◽  
History Of Construction ◽  
Vital Records ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Ancient Monuments ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Village

 In the abundance of epigraphic monuments and their historical and cultural significance, the ancient Aghul village of Richa stands out among other mountain villages and auls of Dagestan. The aim of this paper is to present the results of the study of Arabic inscriptions found in the village of Richa. More than twenty previously unknown inscriptions in various genres of epigraphy – construction, ownership and vital records, epitaphs and religious texts – have been for the first time introduced into modern linguistics. Notable among them are the most ancient monuments of Arabic Kufic writings, paleographically dated the XI-XII centuries, which testifies to the early popularization of Islam in Richa. In addition, the authors propose a new way of reading some of the Richa inscriptions that are already known to science. The presence of Kufic inscriptions on the walls of three mosques in Richa, as well as Naskh inscriptions dated 1242 on the walls of another mosque, suggest that mosques had existed in Richa even before the Mongols came here in 1239. Researchers have revealed the oldest dated epitaph in Richa (1300–01) in which the term alim (scholar) was used for the first time in the epigraphy of Dagestan. New valuable data have been obtained on the history of construction and reconstruction of Muslim places of worship, mausoleums, sanctuaries, and public buildings. Names of many local craftsmen, carvers and calligraphers have become known. The inscriptions contain valuable information on representatives of the medieval religious elites and Sufi figures. The rich social and professional terminology used in the newly identified Richa inscriptions is also of interest: sultan, shaykh, pir, murid, alim, qadi, ustad (usta), qatib, nakir, sahib, gulam, kavha. Translations of the texts are accompanied by scientific comments.

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