Antimicrobial Activity of Topical Formulations Containing Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil on Major Pathogens Causing Skin Diseases

Background. Skin infections were the most frequently encountered of all infections and the 4th leading cause of nonfatal disease burden. Topical drugs have been used for the management of skin infections. The growing concern of drug resistance to the topical agents has warned the need for continuous development of novel drug. Essential oils are the best candidate for new drug with different mode of action and target as they are rich in chemical constituents. Objective. To evaluate and develop safe and effective topical antimicrobial formulations from essential oil of Cymbopogon martini. Method. Essential oil was extracted using hydrodistillation aerial part C. martini and topical formulations were prepared in five different semisolid bases. In vitro antimicrobial investigations were performed on essential oil and topical formulations. Skin sensitizations of the formulations were evaluated using guinea pig maximization. Results. The essential oil of C. martini has shown broad-spectrum antimicrobial potency against all tested organisms with MIC value ranging from 0.65 to 10 μg/ml. Absolute inhibitions of growth of fungi were observed against Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum at concentrations above 1% of oil and against Microsporum canis and Trichophyton verrucosum at a concentration of 4% oil. Among topical formulations, the highest antimicrobial activity was recorded in hydrophilic ointment followed by macrogol blend ointment. The antimicrobial activity of oil was higher in fungal pathogen compared to bacteria. Gram positive bacteria were more sensitive than gram negative bacteria. Hydrophilic and macrogol blend ointment containing 5% oil did not produce any skin sensitization on guinea pigs. Conclusion. In conclusion, topical formulations of C. martini essential oil can be alternative topical agents with safe broad-spectrum activity for the treatment of skin disorder. Further studies should focus on shelf life study and clinical study of the product.

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Antimicrobial Activity of Thymus Vulgaris L. Essential Oil Against Coalho Cheese-Related Pathogenic and Technological Bacteria

10.5151/foodsci-microal-333 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Rayssa Julliane de Carvalho ◽

Geany Targino de Souza ◽

Neyrijane Targino de Souza ◽

Danilo Elias Xavier ◽

Maria Lúcia da Conceição ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Thymus Vulgaris

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The release rate and antimicrobial activity of calcium‐alginate films containing self‐microemulsifying Thymus vulgaris essential oil against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Journal of Food Safety ◽

10.1111/jfs.12828 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 40 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Laleh Almasi ◽

Mohsen Radi ◽

Sedigheh Amiri

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Release Rate ◽

Calcium Alginate ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

And Staphylococcus Aureus

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Formulation and antimicrobial activity evaluation of a 0.2% chlorhexidine canine mouthwash with essential oils

Revista Vitae ◽

10.17533/udea.vitae.v28n1a341703 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 (01) ◽

Author(s):

German Madrigal Redondo ◽

Daniela Gonzalez Corrales ◽

Marianela Chavarria Rojas ◽

Tatiana Monge Quiros ◽

Wendy Cruz Sibaja ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Ternary Phase Diagram ◽

Therapeutic Option ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

Oregano Essential Oil ◽

Infection And Inflammation ◽

Hydrogenated Castor Oil

Background: Periodontal disease is the infection and inflammation of the gums, bones, and tissues involved in teeth support, and it is one of the most common diseases affecting pet dogs. Essential oils have shown antimicrobial activity against bacteria causing periodontal disease; therefore, they are considered potential therapeutic agents. Objectives: The main objective was to formulate and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of a 0.2% chlorhexidine canine mouthwash with essential oils. Methods: Three microemulsion formulations were obtained by constructing a pseudo-ternary phase diagram using the phase titration method. Different surfactant agents were evaluated, and hydrogenated castor oil was selected as the emulsifier agent. The antimicrobial activity of oregano essential oil (Origanum vulgare), thyme essential oil (Thymus vulgaris), and the three formulations were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, and Escherichia coli. Results: Pure thyme and oregano essential oils showed higher antimicrobial activity than a 0,2% chlorhexidine solution. The formulations with essential oils plus chlorhexidine and chlorhexidine alone showed antimicrobial activity. The formulation containing only essential oils did not show antimicrobial activity. Conclusions: A canine mouthwash was formulated with chlorhexidine and thyme and oregano essential oil. Based on the evaluation of antimicrobial activity, two of the proposed formulations could be a therapeutic option to reduce the risk and prevent periodontal disease in canines.

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Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil and Its Biological Activity

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10091959 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1959

Author(s):

Lucia Galovičová ◽

Petra Borotová ◽

Veronika Valková ◽

Nenad L. Vukovic ◽

Milena Vukic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Biological Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Food Industry ◽

Protein Profile ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

Inhibition Zones ◽

Main Components ◽

Tof Ms

Thymus vulgaris essential oil has potential good biological activity. The aim of the research was to evaluate the biological activity of the T. vulgaris essential oil from the Slovak company. The main components of T. vulgaris essential oil were thymol (48.1%), p-cymene (11.7%), 1,8-cineole (6.7), γ-terpinene (6.1%), and carvacrol (5.5%). The antioxidant activity was 85.2 ± 0.2%, which corresponds to 479.34 ± 1.1 TEAC. The antimicrobial activity was moderate or very strong with inhibition zones from 9.89 to 22.44 mm. The lowest values of MIC were determined against B. subtilis, E. faecalis, and S. aureus. In situ antifungal analysis on bread shows that the vapor phase of T. vulgaris essential oil can inhibit the growth of the microscopic filamentous fungi of the genus Penicillium. The antimicrobial activity against S. marcescens showed 46.78–87.80% inhibition at concentrations 62.5–500 µL/mL. The MALDI TOF MS analyses suggest changes in the protein profile of biofilm forming bacteria P. fluorescens and S. enteritidis after the fifth and the ninth day, respectively. Due to the properties of the T. vulgaris essential oil, it can be used in the food industry as a natural supplement to extend the shelf life of the foods.

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Comprehensive Evaluation on the Use of Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil as Natural Additive against Different Serotypes of Salmonella enterica

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13084594 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 4594

Author(s):

Abdelaziz Ed-Dra ◽

Luca Nalbone ◽

Fouzia Rhazi Filali ◽

Najla Trabelsi ◽

Yassine Oulad El Majdoub ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Food Safety ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Poultry Meat ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

Food Safety And Quality

Essential oils were proposed as natural additives to ensure food safety and quality in a more sustainable approach. The chemical composition of Thymus vulgaris essential oil (TV-EO) collected from Morocco, its antioxidant and antimicrobial activity against different serotypes of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica was investigated. A mathematical model was implemented to predict the Salmonella behavior when exposed to TV-EO. In situ antimicrobial activity and sensory influence were tested in minced poultry meat experimentally contaminated with Salmonella and treated with TV-EO. Hydrodistillation was used to extract TV-EO, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis found thymol as the most representative compound. Results of the antioxidant activity showed an IC50 of 0.29 ± 0.04 mg/mL, EC50 of 0.74 ± 0.08 mg/mL, and RC50 of 0.59 ± 0.06 mg/mL. All the Salmonella strains were susceptible to TV-EO with performing results for the disc diffusion method (inhibition diameters ranged between 24 ± 0.4mm and 32 ± 0.6 mm), determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC; 0.5%) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC; 1%), sublethal-injured cells (7.99 ± 0.08%), in situ activity (growth inhibition after 3 days), and meat sensory preservation (up to 1 week). The implemented mathematical model well fitted the Salmonella growth curve. TV-EO with significant antioxidant and antibacterial activities was suitable to ensure food safety and quality consistent with the new sustainable trends in the food field.

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Antimicrobial, antibiofilm and biochemichal properties of Thymus vulgaris essential oil against clinical isolates of opportunistic infections

Biosystems Diversity ◽

10.15421/011936 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 270-275 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. V. Kryvtsova ◽

I. Salamon ◽

J. Koscova ◽

D. Bucko ◽

M. Spivak

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Opportunistic Infections ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

Antibiofilm Activity ◽

Diffusion Test ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Thyme Essential Oil ◽

Agar Diffusion Test

Thyme belongs to a genus encompassing over 215 species of hardy perennial herbaceous plants and sub-shrubs, which are native to Europe, particularly around the Mediterranean. Thymus vulgaris L., or garden thyme, with narrow small leaves and clusters of tubular mauve flowers, is used mainly in cookery. Dried herb yields 1% and more essential oil, which is a pale yellowish-red liquid with a sweet, very aromatic odour. Thyme is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry and is a source of substances of antimicrobial effect upon antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms. The purpose of our work was to identify the biochemical and antimicrobial peculiarities of Th. vulgaris essential oil against clinical isolates of opportunistic microorganisms. The analysis of thyme essential oil was carried out using GC/MS analysis. The clinical isolates were isolated with the use of differentially diagnostic nutrient media. The antibiotic susceptibility was identified with the help of the disc-diffusion test. The sensitivity of microorganisms to plant extracts was determined by the agar diffusion test. The antibiofilm activity of the extracts was tested in standard 96-well microtitration plates. The GC/MS results confirm the earlier reports that the major volatile constituents obtained from the aerial parts of thyme species were thymol, γ-terpinene, p-cymene, 3-carene and carvacrol. After subjecting the selected essential oil to effective steam distillation, substantial contents of phenolic monoterpenoids were obtained – thymol (67.7%) and γ-terpinene (8.2%). The European Pharmacopoeia set quality standards for thyme essential oil, which dealt mainly with the % content (w/w) of the volatile phenols (expressed as thymol: 36.0–55.0%). Garden thyme essential oil has been found to show a high antimicrobial activity against antibiotic-resistant microorganism strains. The obtained results proved the wide spectrum of antibiotic activity of thyme essential oil. The highest antimicrobial activity was registered against the typical and clinic strains of S. aureus and microscopic Candida genus fungi. Garden thyme essential oil was ascertained to show high antibiofilm-forming activity against S. aureus. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm-forming activities of thyme essential oil against both bacterial pathogens of opportunistic infections and microscopic fungi have proven the good prospects for development of a broad-spectrum agent against opportunistic microbial associations based on this oil.

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