Road traffic accidents in Ghana: contributing factors and economic consequences

The impact of road traffic injuries could be enormous, affecting societies and individuals in different facets. Despite the prominence of Covid-19 disease in the current public health space, road crashes remain an important contributor to mortality. It is estimated that some 1.4 million people die from road crashes globally, with most of these being the youth, and people from developing countries.1 In Ghana, 72 persons out of every 100 000 population, suffered from grievous bodily injury, and close to 8 of the same population died from Road Traffic Accidents (RTAs) over the past decade. More than 60% of road traffic fatalities occured in children and young persons under 35 years of age.2 Aside the mortality and morbidity associatedwith the road crashes, Ghanaian households spend an average of US$ 1687.65 in direct and indirect cost on severe injuries associated with road crashes, while many suffer considerable degrees of psychological distress.

Download Full-text

The Impact of Selected Individual and External Factors on the Occurrence of Severe Injuries: Case Study of Slovenia

PROMET - Traffic&Transportation ◽

10.7307/ptt.v27i4.1670 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 325-334

Author(s):

Polona Tominc ◽

Urban Šebjan

Keyword(s):

Traffic Accidents ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Seat Belt ◽

Demographic Factors ◽

Road Traffic Accidents ◽

Severe Injuries ◽

Gender And Age ◽

The Impact ◽

Fatal Injuries

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of the importance of different determinants and their impact on the severity of injuries of individuals in road traffic accidents, so that measures that are supposed to prevent or reduce severe injury consequences can be developed. In this paper three research models have been built. Model I was built to study the impact of demographic factors (gender and age) on the individual’s likelihood to wear a seat-belt while Model II to study the impact of demographic factors (gender and age) and the impact of wearing a seat belt on the likelihood that fatal injuries of individuals in road traffic accidents occur. Model III was formed to study the impact of several environmental factors on the likelihood that the accident involves severe or fatal injuries of road traffic accident participants. Altogether our study revealed that middle-aged individuals (over 25 years and up to 65 years old) are less likely to wear a seat belt and at the same time more likely to suffer fatal injuries in road traffic accidents. This is the result that implies that the targeted policy measures to the population between 25 and 65 years of age are needed to reduce the fatal injuries occurrence in Slovenia.

Download Full-text

ADHD is a Risk Factor of Road Crashes: A Purposive Study of Finding Relation between ADHD and Road Traffic Accident in Bangladesh

International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review ◽

10.15520/ijcrr/2018/9/08/563 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (08) ◽

pp. 20531-20536

Author(s):

Nusrat Shamima Nur ◽

M. S. l. Mullick ◽

Ahmed Hossain

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Road Traffic Accident ◽

Traffic Accident ◽

Traffic Accidents ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Road Traffic Accidents ◽

Road Crashes ◽

Road Crash ◽

Day By Day

Background: In Bangladesh fatality rate due to road traffic accidents is rising sharply day by day. At least 2297 people were killed and 5480 were injured in road traffic accidents within 1st six months of 2017.Whereas in the previous year at 2016 at least 1941 people were killed and 4794 were injured within the 1st six months. No survey has been reported in Bangladesh yet correlating ADHD as a reason of impulsive driving which ends up in a road crash.

Download Full-text

Using the Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Inference Systems to Compare the Impact of Speed and Space Perception on the Occurrence of Road Traffic Accidents

Mathematics ◽

10.3390/math8091548 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 1548

Author(s):

Marjana Čubranić-Dobrodolac ◽

Libor Švadlenka ◽

Svetlana Čičević ◽

Aleksandar Trifunović ◽

Momčilo Dobrodolac

Keyword(s):

Traffic Accidents ◽

Driving Simulator ◽

Fuzzy Inference ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Space Perception ◽

Road Traffic Accidents ◽

Inference System ◽

Interval Type ◽

The Impact

A constantly increasing number of deaths on roads forces analysts to search for models that predict the driver’s propensity for road traffic accidents (RTAs). This paper aims to examine a relationship between the speed and space assessment capabilities of drivers in terms of their association with the occurrence of RTAs. The method used for this purpose is based on the implementation of the interval Type-2 Fuzzy Inference System (T2FIS). The inputs to the first T2FIS relate to the speed assessment capabilities of drivers. These capabilities were measured in the experiment with 178 young drivers, with test speeds of 30, 50, and 70 km/h. The participants assessed the aforementioned speed values from four different observation positions in the driving simulator. On the other hand, the inputs of the second T2FIS are space assessment capabilities. The same group of drivers took two types of space assessment tests—2D and 3D. The third considered T2FIS sublimates of all previously mentioned inputs in one model. The output in all three T2FIS structures is the number of RTAs experienced by a driver. By testing three proposed T2FISs on the empirical data, the result of the research indicates that the space assessment characteristics better explain participation in RTAs compared to the speed assessment capabilities. The results obtained are further confirmed by implementing a multiple regression analysis.

Download Full-text

The impact of the ‘school run’ on road traffic accidents: A spatio-temporal analysis

Journal of Transport Geography ◽

10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2010.08.011 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 705-711 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Simon Kingham ◽

Clive E. Sabel ◽

Phil Bartie

Keyword(s):

Traffic Accidents ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Temporal Analysis ◽

Road Traffic Accidents ◽

Spatio Temporal ◽

The Impact

Download Full-text

Comparison of road traffic accidents presenting to the emergency department of a teaching hospital before and during lockdown

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20213527 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 4297

Author(s):

Siddharth Rao P. S. ◽

Sumayya Nazneen Sayyada ◽

Souri Reddy Pyreddy

Keyword(s):

Teaching Hospital ◽

Traffic Accidents ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Mass Casualties ◽

Road Traffic Accidents ◽

Patient Demographics ◽

Disproportionate Number ◽

Type Of Injury ◽

The Impact

Background: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a major cause of misery, disability and death globally, with a disproportionate number occurring in developing countries. With COVID-19 reaching pandemic proportion, a nationwide lockdown was announced on 24 March 2020 which resulted in the complete closure vehicular movement. This study aimed to assess the impact of lockdown on the number of RTAs brought to our rural tertiary care teaching hospital situated on National highway number 65.Methods: Medico-legal records were reviewed retrospectively at Kamineni institute of medical sciences hospital. The cases were classified into two groups. The pre-lockdown group included cases reporting to casualty from 1 April 2019 to 31 July 2019. The lockdown group included cases reporting to casualty from 1 April 2020 to 31 July 2020. Patient demographics, type of injury, time of injury, mode of injury were collected for all cases and analysed using simple mathematical tools.Results: There was a significant decrease in the total number of RTAs during lockdown phases 1 and 2 and during unlocking phases 1 and 2 by 52.1%. Bike skid was the most common mode of injury. The highest number of RTAs was observed between 6 am to 6 pm and the most commonly affected gender was male especially in the age group of 15-45 years.Conclusions: RTA numbers can be reduced by strict implementation of traffic rules and better road infrastructure. One positive effect of the measures implemented to control the spread of COVID-19 was the reduction of traffic accidents and mass casualties.

Download Full-text

Road Traffic Accident Analysis and Identification of Black Spot Locations on Highway

Civil Engineering Journal ◽

10.28991/cej-2020-03091629 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (12) ◽

pp. 2448-2456

Author(s):

Asad Iqbal ◽

Zia Ur Rehman ◽

Shahid Ali ◽

Kaleem Ullah ◽

Usman Ghani

Keyword(s):

Road Safety ◽

Road Traffic Accident ◽

Traffic Accident ◽

Traffic Accidents ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Black Spot ◽

Accident Analysis ◽

Road Traffic Accidents ◽

Contributing Factors ◽

Black Spots

Road safety is the main problem in developing countries. Every year, millions of people die in road traffic accidents, resulting in huge losses of humankind and the economy. This study focuses on the road traffic accident analysis and identification of black spots on the Lahore-Islamabad Highway M-2. Official data of road traffic accidents were collected from National Highway and Highway Police (NH & MP) Pakistan. The data was digitized on MS Excel and Origin Pro. The accident Point weightage (APW) method was employed to identify the black spots and rank of the top ten black spots. The analysis shows that the trend of road traffic accidents on M-2 was characterized by a high rate of fatal accidents of 35.3%. Human errors account for 66.8% as the major contributing factors in road traffic accidents, while vehicle errors (25.6%) and environmental factors (7.6%) were secondary and tertiary contributing factors. The main causes of road traffic accidents were the dozing on the wheel (27.9%), the careless driving (24.6%), tyre burst (11.7%), and the brakes failure (7.4%). Kallar Kahar (Salt Range) was identified as a black spot (223 km, 224 km, 225 km, 229 km, and 234 km) due to vehicle brake failure. The human error was a major contributory factor in road traffic accidents, therefore public awareness campaign on road safety is inevitable and use of the dozen alarm to overcome dozing on the wheel. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2020-03091629 Full Text: PDF

Download Full-text

Forensic and pharmaceutical research on the impact of drugs on the safety, life and health of road users within the organization of pharmaceutical business, drug technology, pharmaceutical and medical law in Ukraine

Health of Society ◽

10.22141/2306-2436.10.4.2021.246355 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 127-132

Author(s):

V.V. Shapovalov (Jr.) ◽

V.A. Shapovalova ◽

V.V. Shapovalov

Keyword(s):

Traffic Safety ◽

Traffic Accidents ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Pharmaceutical Research ◽

Psychoactive Drugs ◽

Medical Law ◽

Road Traffic Accidents ◽

Road Users ◽

Drug Technology ◽

The Impact

Background. Around the world, drug-related road traffic accidents are one of the leading causes of injury and death among road users. Traffic safety is a system that includes the following components: a person – a person's health condition – the use of dangerous drugs of different classification and legal groups – adverse drug reactions – a vehicle – a road. The share of road traffic accidents under the influence of drugs is more than 75 %, they are also the most socially dangerous, because they have grave consequences, cause irreparable harm to the health and death of the victims. The purpose of the study was to analyze the achievements of forensic and pharmaceutical researches in Ukraine on the impact of drugs on the safety, life and health of road users within the framework of the organization of pharmaceutical business, drug technology, pharmaceutical and medical law in a retrospective aspect. Materials and methods. The materials of the imperative research were legislative, regulatory and legal documents; materials of the formation of the scientific school of forensic pharmacy; scientific publications on the topic of the article; Internet resources, sources of scientific literature. To achieve the set goals, the methods of forensic and pharmaceutical, regulatory, documentary, bibliographic, comparative, historical and graphic analysis were used. Results. The experience of the countries of the world in the prophylaxis and prevention of road traffic accidents under the influence of drugs was analyzed. The causes and conditions for the occurrence and consequences of road traffic accidents are multifactorial in nature and are associated with the victims (driver - pedestrian), vehicle, road conditions, and the use of psychoactive drugs. A system of organizational, regulatory and preventive measures has been developed to provide first medical aid to victims of a road traffic accident. Shown that there is a need for scientifically grounded organizational and legal, clinical and pharmacological, forensic pharmaceutical and socio-economic studies on causal relationships between adverse reactions due to the use of drugs of various classification and legal groups, traffic safety and road traffic accidents. For the first time in Ukraine, a mathematical model was proposed to establish the effect of psychoactive drugs on the driver's condition when driving a vehicle, depending on the calculation of the stopping path of the car in accordance with the selected speed and a decrease in the driver's response. The structure of road traffic accidents under the influence of psychoactive drugs has been investigated. Conclusions. A classification of first-aid kits for providing first medical aid to victims of road traffic accidents was proposed, which made it possible to substantiate the need to improve them both in qualitative and quantitative composition, depending on the type of vehicle and the likelihood of an accident with serious consequences. Recommendations were proposed for providing information on the possibility of obtaining medical care and the signal-calling system on the roads, marking the packages of psychoactive drugs with a special mark in the form of a red triangle. The need for further forensic pharmaceutical research has been proven.

Download Full-text

A Study of Psychiatric Consequences following Road Traffic Accidents

Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital ◽

10.3126/mjsbh.v9i2.5017 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

N Rawal ◽

P Thapa ◽

Y Bista

Keyword(s):

Psychological Distress ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Traffic Accidents ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Psychiatric Symptoms ◽

Psychiatric Morbidity ◽

Anxiety Symptoms ◽

Ptsd Symptoms ◽

Road Traffic Accidents ◽

The Impact

Objectives: Psychiatric consequences are very common following RTA. The study is sought to identify the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity (e.g. depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and symptoms related to PTSD(Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) following injury sustained after road traffic accidents and to evaluate the relationshop between severity of injuries of victims and psychiatric symptoms. Methods: The 102 (male=83,female=19) patients were interviewed using a questionnaire to collect the socio- demographic data, the Self Rating Questionnaire (SRQ) -Beck Depression Inventory(BDI),Beck Anxiety Inventory(BAI) and the Impact of Event Scale -Revised (IES-R). Patients were prospectively followed up for 1 month. Patients were aged between 20-69 years. The impact of injury was assessed by ISS (Injury Severity Scale) and ABI (Abbreviated injury Scale). Results:The mean age was 33.93 years (range 20-69). Overall, the prevalence rate o of Anxiety symptoms-19.6%, depressive symptoms-21.6% and PTSD symptoms-35.3%. Females had a higher rate of PTSD symptoms 52.6% (n = 10), compared to the males 31.3% (n=26). The majority of those with PTSD (47.2%) were young, 20 - 29 years. The samples showed maximum symptoms of PTSD in first week 93.1% followed by depressive symptoms 51% and then anxiety symptoms30.4%. The symptoms gradually reduced in the fourth week to PTSD - 35.3%, depression- 21.6% and anxiety-19.6%. The study also showed higher scales of psychiatric symptoms in major injuries in comparison to minor injuries showing direct correlation of psychiatric morbidity with severity of injury. Conclusion: Psychiatric symptoms are frequent and severe after major injuries and less severe after minor RTA. Psychopathology following injury is a frequent and persistent occurrence. Early information and advice might reduce psychological distress and symptoms. Early information and advice might reduce psychological distress and symptoms. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v9i2.5017 Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital Vol.9(2) 2010: 1-7

Download Full-text

The Impacts of Climate Change on Road Traffic Accidents in Saudi Arabia

Climate ◽

10.3390/cli7090103 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (9) ◽

pp. 103 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Md. Mazharul Islam ◽

Majed Alharthi ◽

Md. Mahmudul Alam

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Saudi Arabia ◽

Traffic Accidents ◽

Motor Vehicle ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Annual Data ◽

Road Traffic Accidents ◽

Impact Of Climate Change ◽

The Impact ◽

Impacts Of Climate Change

The potential costs of road traffic accidents (RTAs) to society are immense. Yet, no study has attempted to examine the impact of climate change on RTAs in Saudi Arabia, though RTA-leading deaths are very high, and the occurrence of climatic events is very frequent. Therefore, this study aims to assess the impact of climate change on RTAs in Saudi Arabia and to recommend some climate change mitigation and adaptation policies to make roads safe for all. This study employed annual data from 13 regions of Saudi Arabia, from 2003 to 2013. The data were analyzed on the basis of panel regression models—fixed effect, random effect, and the pooled ordinary least square. The findings show that temperature, rainfall, sandstorms, and number of vehicles were statistically and significantly responsible for RTAs in Saudi Arabia in the study period. This study also found that RTAs both inside and outside cities significantly caused injuries, but only RTAs inside cities significantly caused death. Furthermore, the death from RTAs injuries was found to be statistically significant only for motor vehicle accidents. The findings will assist policymakers in taking the right courses of action to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change through understanding climate influence on RTAs.

Download Full-text