Heterogeneous catalyzied FAME synthesis from renewable feedstock

Biodiesel from clean oils is comparatively easier than production from crude and non-edible oils. To achieve maximum yield of biodiesel, a two stage process is adopted in which non-edible oils are used as feed-stock: an acid catalyzed esterification of free fatty acids followed by base catalyzed transesterification. Presence of water formed during esterification reaction is detrimental to a viable transesterification process. In the present work, an alternate method for removal of water by in situ hydrolysis reaction of methyl acetate is introduced. The dehydration using methyl acetate during esterification has yielded good results as the soap formed during transesterification was minimal. The results indicated high conversion of triglycerides to methyl ester for lower oil to methanol ratio and at a lower temperature. For 1:3 molar ratio of oil to methanol, the conversion obtained was less than 90 percent and is equivalent to conversions with higher alcohol ratios during esterification in the absence of methyl acetate. These results are indicative of the fact that use of methyl acetate reduces the alcohol to oil ratio without affecting the conversions. Moreover, higher conversions are possible at lower temperatures in the presence of methyl acetate. It is further observed that the oils that are subjected to free fatty acid conversions in the presence of methyl acetate record very little soap formation during the transesterification reactions, thereby resulting in higher grade of biodiesel.

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Biodiesel Production from Pongamia Pinnata and its Characterization using GC-MS, NMR and FT-IR Spectral Studies

International Journal of Vehicle Structures and Systems ◽

10.4273/ijvss.10.6.14 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

Author(s):

J. Fernandez ◽

V. Hariram ◽

S. Seralathan ◽

S.A. Harikrishnan ◽

T. Micha Premkumar

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Cetane Number ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Major Constituent ◽

Spectral Studies ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis ◽

Ft Ir

Biodiesel synthesis from the pongamia oil seed and its characterization is elaborated in this paper. A double stage transesterification i.e. acid catalysed transesterification and base catalysed esterification are adopted to reduce the free fatty acids content and conversion of triglycerides into methyl esters. In this process, H2SO4, NaOH and methanol are used at the methanol/oil molar ratio of 7:1. By this process, 95% of pongamia biodiesel is obtained. The physiochemical properties like calorific value, Cetane number, density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, fire point etc. are analysed and it is found to be within the ASTM standards. GC-MS analysis indicated the existence of 14 prominent fatty acids with oleic acid as the major constituent. 13C and 1H NMR results supported the GC-MS data and it also confirmed the conversion efficiency of converting the vegetable oil into PBD as 87.23%. The shifting and appearance of major peaks in the FT-IR spectrum confirmed the formation of FAMEs from the triglycerides.

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Heterogeneous Catalyst for Transesterification of Biodiesel Synthesis

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.1204 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 622-623 ◽

pp. 1204-1208

Author(s):

Amar P. Pandhare ◽

Atul S. Padalkar

Keyword(s):

Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽

Reaction Temperature ◽

Rural Economy ◽

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Cetane Number ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Jatropha Oil ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis

The awareness on biodiesel in developing countries in the recent times has been increased. Several activities have been picked up for its production especially with a view to boost the rural economy. In the present investigation biodiesel was prepared from jatropha curcas seed oil (non edible oil). Before exploiting any plant for industrial application, it is imperative to have complete information about its biology, chemistry, and all other applications so that the potential of plant could be utilized maximally. Biodiesel was prepared by transesterification process of jatropha oil with methanol in heterogeneous system, using heterogeneous catalyst. The heterogeneous catalysts are environment friendly and render the process simplified. Calcination process was followed by the dependence of the conversion of jatropha oil on the reaction variables such as the catalyst loading; the molar ratio of the methanol to oil, reaction temperature agitation speed and the reaction time was studied. The conversion was over 89% at a reaction temperature of 70oC and molar ratio 12:1. Finally, Jatropha oil methyl esters was characterized to test its properties as fuels in diesel engines, such as viscosity, flash point, cetane number. Results showed that biodiesel obtained under the optimum conditions is an excellent substitute for fossil fuels.

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Preparation and Characterization of Calcium Oxide Heterogeneous Catalyst Derived from Anadara Granosa Shell for Biodiesel Synthesis

KnE Engineering ◽

10.18502/keg.v1i1.494 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Amilia Linggawati

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxide ◽

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Waste Frying Oil ◽

X Ray ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis ◽

Xrd Patterns ◽

Blood Cockle ◽

Anadara Granosa

The aims of this study were to prepare and characterize environment-friendly calcium oxide (CaO) heterogeneous catalysts from blood cockle (Anadara granosa) shells and utilize for the synthesis of biodiesel. In this study, biodiesel was produced by transesterification reaction of waste frying oil with methanol using the CaO catalyst. The catalysts were prepared by crushing and calcining of Anadara granosa shells at 800 oC and 900 ºC for 10 hours. The resulting CaO catalyst were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray flourescense spectrometry (XRF), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). XRD patterns of calcined catalyst showed intense peaks of calcium oxide (2θ = 32.24o, 37.38o and 64.16o), and it was consistent with XRF results (>99% of CaO found) that revealed calcium was the major element present in the Anadara granosa shells. The maximum yield of biodiesel produced was 82.25% under reaction conditions of catalyst loading of 3 wt.%, methanol to oil ratio of 15:1, reaction time of 3 h, temperature of 60 oC and using a catalyst calcined at 900 oC.

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Preparation and Characterization of Calcium Oxide Heterogeneous Catalyst Derived from Anadara Granosa Shell for Biodiesel Synthesis

KnE Engineering ◽

10.18502/keg.v0i0.494 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Amilia Linggawati

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxide ◽

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Waste Frying Oil ◽

X Ray ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis ◽

Xrd Patterns ◽

Blood Cockle ◽

Anadara Granosa

The aims of this study were to prepare and characterize environment-friendly calcium oxide (CaO) heterogeneous catalysts from blood cockle (Anadara granosa) shells and utilize for the synthesis of biodiesel. In this study, biodiesel was produced by transesterification reaction of waste frying oil with methanol using the CaO catalyst. The catalysts were prepared by crushing and calcining of Anadara granosa shells at 800 oC and 900 ºC for 10 hours. The resulting CaO catalyst were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray flourescense spectrometry (XRF), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). XRD patterns of calcined catalyst showed intense peaks of calcium oxide (2θ = 32.24o, 37.38o and 64.16o), and it was consistent with XRF results (>99% of CaO found) that revealed calcium was the major element present in the Anadara granosa shells. The maximum yield of biodiesel produced was 82.25% under reaction conditions of catalyst loading of 3 wt.%, methanol to oil ratio of 15:1, reaction time of 3 h, temperature of 60 oC and using a catalyst calcined at 900 oC.

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Synthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Oleic Acid by Cupriavidus necator B-10646

Journal of Siberian Federal University Biology ◽

10.17516/1997-1389-0321 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 208-217

Author(s):

Natalia O. Zhila ◽

Galina S. Kalacheva ◽

Evgeniy G. Kiselev ◽

Tatiana G. Volova

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Oleic Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽

Cupriavidus Necator ◽

Molecular Weights ◽

Acid Methyl

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are polymers of hydroxy derived fatty acids synthesized by various organisms. These polymers can be effectively used as a biocompatible and biodegradable alternative to the chemically synthesized plastic. PHA cost, however, still limits the increase in PHA production. One of the ways to reduce PHA cost is to use inexpensive carbon sources such as fatty acids. The aim of this work was to study the effect of various concentrations of oleic acid (5-50 g/L) on the growth of the Cupriavidus necator B-10646 bacterium, polymer synthesis and properties. Cells were grown for 48 h in Schlegel mineral medium at 30°C and 200 rpm on an incubator shaker. The content and the composition of the polymer were determined by chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters using a chromatographymass spectrometer. The molecular weight distribution of the polymer was determined using gel permeation chromatography. Thermal analysis was performed using a differential scanning calorimeter. The maximum yield of biomass (6.4-6.7 g/L) and the highest polymer content (64- 71% of the weight of dry biomass) were obtained from 10-20 g/L of oleic acid after 48 hours of cultivation. In addition to 3-hydroxybutyrate, which is the dominant monomer (more than 98 mol.%), 3-hydroxyvalerate (0.7-1.7 mol.%) and 3-hydroxyhexanoate (0.1-0.4 mol.%) were identified in the polymer synthesized by the bacterium. As the concentration of oleic acid was increased, both the weight average and the number average molecular weights decreased (from 803 to 381 kDa and from 292 to 94 kDa, respectively) but polydispersity of the polymers increased (from 2.8 to 4.1). The results obtained in the present study provide the basis for the next stage of scaling up the process of PHA synthesis from oleic acid

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Biodiesel Synthesis from the Used Cooking Oil Using CaO Catalyst Derived from Waste Animal Bones

Chemistry & Chemical Technology ◽

10.23939/chcht15.04.583 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 583-590

Author(s):

Luqman Buchori ◽

◽

Didi Dwi Anggoro ◽

Anwar Ma’ruf ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Reaction Time ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Optimum Operating ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil ◽

Animal Bones ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis

The synthesis of biodiesel from the used cooking oil with CaO catalyst from waste animal bones has been investigated. The content of free fatty acids (FFA) in the used cooking oil was reduced by adsorption using activated charcoal from a salak peel. Biodiesel synthesis was carried out via transesterification using CaO catalyst. The CaO catalyst was obtained from waste animal bones calcined in the Ney Vulcan furnace. The effect of calcination temperature was studied in the range of 873‒1273 K. The effect of catalyst loading was investigated by varying within the range of 1‒9 wt %. The methanol to oil molar ratio was investigated in the range from 6:1 to 18:1. The effect of the transesterification reaction time was studied with a time variation of 1‒5 h. The optimum operating conditions were determined. Under these conditions, the yield of biodiesel produced was 97.56 % with an ester content of 96.06 %. It was shown that the physicochemical properties of biodiesel produced meet the standards.

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