scholarly journals Detection of rabies virus antigen in brain tissue of dogs slaughtered for human consumption in Taraba State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
A.B. Tirmidhi ◽  
H.M. Kazeem ◽  
A. Jibril ◽  
B.M. Jahun ◽  
O. Orakpoghenor
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Virus Antigen ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Safe Handling ◽  
Direct Fluorescent Antibody

Rabies as an ancient zoonosis constitutes a threat to public health by causing over 59,000 annual human mortalities worldwide. The aim of this study was to detect rabies virus in brain tissue of dogs slaughtered for human consumption in Taraba State, Nigeria. A total of 150 dogs comprising 136 adults and 14 puppies consisting of 82 males and 68 females was sampled from slaughter points in five Local Government Areas. Brain samples were collected from each dog in labeled sterile sample bottles and screened for rabies virus antigen using direct fluorescent antibody test (DFAT). Results showed that 3 out of the 150 (2%) brain samples screened were positive for rabies virus; out of which 2 were from Unguwan Kasa (14.3%) and 1 was from Quarter Five (7.1%). This therefore suggests the presence of rabies virus in dogs slaughtered for human consumption in Taraba State, Nigeria and their role as reservoirs of the virus. Therefore, there is need for awareness education on safe handling of dog meat to minimize the risk for butchers/meat handlers. Keywords: Brain samples, dogs, Prevalence, Rabies, Taraba State

scholarly journals Detection of Rabies Virus Antigen in Dog Saliva Using a Latex Agglutination Test

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 3098-3099 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kasempimolporn ◽  
W. Saengseesom ◽  
B. Lumlertdacha ◽  
V. Sitprija
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Virus Antigen ◽  
Latex Agglutination ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Glass Slide ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Latex Particles

Dog bites are responsible for more than 90% of human rabies deaths in Asia. We developed a simple and inexpensive test based on latex agglutination (LA) for rabies virus antigen detection in dog saliva. Rabies virus antigen could be detected by agglutination on a glass slide using latex particles coated with gamma globulin. By evaluation of paired saliva-brain specimens from 238 dogs, the LA test using saliva was 99% specific and 95% sensitive compared to the fluorescent antibody test (FAT) on brain smears. The advantages of the LA test over the standard FAT are that it is comparatively simple and there is no need to kill the animal before examination.

scholarly journals Use of a Direct, Rapid Immunohistochemical Test for Diagnosis of Rabies Virus in Bats

2022 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Charles E. Rupprecht ◽  
Lolita I. Van Pelt ◽  
April D. Davis ◽  
Richard B. Chipman ◽  
David L. Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Direct Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Suspect Case

Rabies, a zoonotic encephalitis due to transmission of a lyssavirus, such as rabies virus (RABV), has the highest case fatality of any infectious disease. A global program for the elimination of human rabies caused by dogs is proposed for realization by 2030. Sensitive, specific, and inexpensive diagnostic tests are necessary for enhanced surveillance to detect infection, inform public health and veterinary professionals during risk assessments of exposure, and support overall programmatic goals. Multiple laboratory techniques are used to confirm a suspect case of rabies. One method for the detection of lyssavirus antigens within the brain is the direct rapid immunohistochemical test (dRIT), using light microscopy, and suitable for use under field conditions. Besides dogs, other major RABV reservoirs reside among mammalian mesocarnivores and bats. To date, use of the dRIT has been applied primarily for the diagnosis of RABV in suspect mesocarnivores. The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of the dRIT to the diagnosis of rabies in bats, compared to the gold-standard, the direct fluorescent antibody test (DFAT). Brains of 264 suspect bats, consisting of 21 species from Arizona and Texas, were used in the evaluation of the dRIT. The overall sensitivity of the dRIT was 100% (0.969–1.0, 95% CI) and the specificity was 94.6% (0.896–0.976, 95% CI), comparable to the DFAT. This preliminary study demonstrated the utility of the dRIT in the confirmation of RABV infection in bats. Future studies should include additional geographic, lyssavirus, and mammalian species representations for broader application during enhanced rabies surveillance, with incorporation of any potential adjustments to standard protocols, as needed.

scholarly journals Prevalence of rabies antigen in brain tissue of slaughtered dogs and public health factors associated with dog processing in Billiri, Gombe State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 29-35
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Nerve Tissue ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Dog Bite ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Health Factors ◽  
Brain Tissues

Introduction: Detection of rabies antigen in brain tissues of slaughtered dogs for human consumption could be an interface in rabies transmission from slaughtered dogs to the processors. This study determined the presence of rabies antigen in brain tissues of slaughtered dogs for human consumption in Billiri, Gombe State and the public health factors associated with dog processing in the study area. Methods: A cross-sectional study was designed to determine the presence of rabies antigen in 118 brain tissues of slaughtered dogs using direct fluorescent antibody test (DFAT) and Pre-tested structured questionnaire was administered to 56 dog processors to assess possible public health risks factors associated with dog processing in the study area. Results: Result revealed 9 (7.6%) of dog brain tissues were positive for rabies antigen. Dogs sourced from Borno had higher prevalence 11.4%, than Yobe and Gombe with 7.7% and 7.0% respectively. Out of the 56 respondents involved in the study, 38 (67.9%) were bitten by dogs and none received post-exposure vaccination against rabies. There was statistically significant (p < 0.05) association between the nerve tissue splashing, cuts incurred during dog processing and dog bite. Majority 51 (91.1%) of the respondents’ preferred traditional method of bite wound treatment following dog bite. Significance: The presence of rabies antigen detected in slaughtered dogs poses risks of exposure to dog processors in Billiri, Gombe State. There is need for adequate public health education on rabies prevention and anti-rabies vaccination of all dog processors in the area.

Performance evaluation of the polyclonal anti-rabies virus ribonucleoprotein IgG antibodies produced in-house for use in direct fluorescent antibody test

2020 ◽  
Vol 280 ◽  
pp. 113879
Author(s):  
Gabriela Hidaka da Silva ◽  
Jaqueline Helena Santos da Silva ◽  
Keila Iamamoto ◽  
Tamires Santos de Arruda ◽  
Iana Suly Santos Katz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Direct Fluorescent Antibody

scholarly journals Clarifying Indeterminate Results on the Rabies Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test Using Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

2018 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Appler ◽  
Scott Brunt ◽  
Jodie A. Jarvis ◽  
April D. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Virus Variant ◽  
Direct Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Objectives: Each year, rabies virus infection results in the death of more than 50 000 persons worldwide. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported 23 human rabies cases from May 1, 2008, through October 1, 2017. Although rabies testing in the United States is highly reliable, some specimens submitted to rabies laboratories do not have adequate tissues or may be substantially decomposed. In these instances, the specimen may be considered unsatisfactory for testing or produce indeterminate results using the gold standard direct fluorescent antibody test. The objective of this study was to evaluate the number of unsatisfactory samples or samples with indeterminate results that were positive for rabies virus after additional testing using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Methods: In 2016, we retested all unsatisfactory specimens or specimens with indeterminate results using real-time RT-PCR. We further typed any sample that was real-time RT-PCR positive to identify the infecting rabies virus variant. Results: Of 210 retested unsatisfactory specimens or specimens with indeterminate results, 9 (4.3%) were positive for rabies. In each case, the animal was infected with a homologous rabies virus variant. Conclusion: These results confirm the recommendation by CDC and state public health laboratories that indeterminate results should be considered positive and justify the prompt treatment of exposed persons through an animal that is suspected to have rabies.

scholarly journals Rabies-induced Spongiform Change and Encephalitis in a Heifer

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Foley ◽  
J. F. Zachary
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Virus Antigen ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Spongiform Change ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The University

A 1-year-old mixed breed heifer was presented to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at the University of Illinois with a 3-day history of abnormal mentation and aggressive behavior. Based on the history and clinical examination, euthanasia and necropsy were recommended. The differential diagnoses included rabies, pseudorabies, and a brain abscess. The brain was removed within 60 minutes of death, and the section submitted for fluorescent antibody testing was positive for rabies virus antigen. Residual brain tissue was immersion fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Histologic examination revealed a marked perivascular and meningeal lymphocytic meningoencephalitis and locally extensive spongiform change of the gray matter affecting the neuropil and neuron cell bodies. The most severely affected regions with spongiform change were the thalamus and cerebral cortex. No Negri bodies were found in any sections. Since the outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the United Kingdom, there has been an increased surveillance of bovine neurologic cases in an effort to assess if BSE has occurred in the USA. In areas where rabies virus is endemic, rabies should be included as a possible differential diagnosis in cases of spongiform changes of the central nervous system.

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