scholarly journals Rabies-induced Spongiform Change and Encephalitis in a Heifer

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Foley ◽  
J. F. Zachary
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Virus Antigen ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Spongiform Change ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The University

A 1-year-old mixed breed heifer was presented to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at the University of Illinois with a 3-day history of abnormal mentation and aggressive behavior. Based on the history and clinical examination, euthanasia and necropsy were recommended. The differential diagnoses included rabies, pseudorabies, and a brain abscess. The brain was removed within 60 minutes of death, and the section submitted for fluorescent antibody testing was positive for rabies virus antigen. Residual brain tissue was immersion fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Histologic examination revealed a marked perivascular and meningeal lymphocytic meningoencephalitis and locally extensive spongiform change of the gray matter affecting the neuropil and neuron cell bodies. The most severely affected regions with spongiform change were the thalamus and cerebral cortex. No Negri bodies were found in any sections. Since the outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the United Kingdom, there has been an increased surveillance of bovine neurologic cases in an effort to assess if BSE has occurred in the USA. In areas where rabies virus is endemic, rabies should be included as a possible differential diagnosis in cases of spongiform changes of the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Potential Early Rabies Infection Detected in Two Raccoon Cases by LN34 pan-lyssavirus real-time RT-PCR Assay in Pennsylvania

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Dettinger ◽  
Crystal M. Gigante ◽  
Maria Strohecker ◽  
Melanie Seiders ◽  
Puja Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Virus Antigen ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Rna Levels

AbstractDuring 2017 – 2019, the Pennsylvania Department of Health Bureau of Laboratories (PABOL) tested 6,855 animal samples for rabies using both the gold standard direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test and LN34 pan-lyssavirus reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Two samples (0.03 %) were identified as LN34 RT-qPCR positive after failure to detect rabies virus antigen during initial DFA testing: an adult raccoon collected in 2017 and a juvenile raccoon collected in 2019. After the positive PCR result, additional tissues were collected and re-tested by DFA, where very sparse, disperse antigen was observed. Tissues from both animals were submitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for confirmatory testing, and were confirmed positive. At both PABOL and CDC, rabies virus antigen and RNA levels were much lower than for a typical rabies case. In addition, rabies virus antigen and RNA levels were higher in brain stem and rostral spinal cord than cerebellum, hippocampus and cortex. Cross-contamination was ruled out in the case of the 2019 juvenile raccoon by sequencing, as nucleoprotein and glycoprotein gene sequences displayed >1% nucleotide differences to sequences from all positive samples processed at PABOL within two weeks of the juvenile raccoon. Taken together, the low level of rabies virus in the central nervous system combined with presence in more caudal brain structures suggest the possibility of an early infection in both cases. These two cases highlight the increased sensitivity and ease of interpretation of LN34 RT-qPCR in rabies diagnostics for the identification of low positive cases.

scholarly journals Detection of Rabies Virus Antigen in Dog Saliva Using a Latex Agglutination Test

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 3098-3099 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kasempimolporn ◽  
W. Saengseesom ◽  
B. Lumlertdacha ◽  
V. Sitprija
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Virus Antigen ◽  
Latex Agglutination ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Glass Slide ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Latex Particles

Dog bites are responsible for more than 90% of human rabies deaths in Asia. We developed a simple and inexpensive test based on latex agglutination (LA) for rabies virus antigen detection in dog saliva. Rabies virus antigen could be detected by agglutination on a glass slide using latex particles coated with gamma globulin. By evaluation of paired saliva-brain specimens from 238 dogs, the LA test using saliva was 99% specific and 95% sensitive compared to the fluorescent antibody test (FAT) on brain smears. The advantages of the LA test over the standard FAT are that it is comparatively simple and there is no need to kill the animal before examination.

scholarly journals BIOTECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE CREATION AND PRODUCTION OF ANTIRABIC VACCINES

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
Yu. Krasnopolsky ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Animal Cell ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Fibroblast Cell ◽  
History Of ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Rabies is a neurological disease of a viral nature, leading to death. Rabies virus is an RNA virus that invades the central nervous system, leading to neuronal dysfunction. Timely vaccination can prevent the diseases development. Aim. The article is devoted to immunobiotechnological research aimed at creating antirabic vaccines. Results. The history of the antirabic vaccines creation from the first inactivated vaccines obtained from nervous tissue to the cultivation of the virus on animal cell cultures is considered. The article presents commercially available anti-rabies vaccines: their composition, the used rabies virus strains, cell cultures, the methods of inactivation and purification. The technology of producing an anti-rabies vaccine based on a Pitman Moore virus strain and a chicken fibroblast cell culture is presented. The advantages of different vaccine types are considered: live attenuated, peptide, liposomal, RNA vaccines, vaccines based on viral vectors, transgenic plants and reverse genetics methods. Conclusions. The development of biotechnology, immunology and virology makes it possible to improve constantly vaccine preparations, including those against rabies, increasing their effectiveness and safety.

scholarly journals Detection of rabies virus nucleoprotein-RNA in several organs outside the Central Nervous System in naturally-infected vampire bats

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 922-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz F. P Vieira ◽  
Sílvia R.F.G Pereira ◽  
Aline C Galante ◽  
Juliana G Castilho ◽  
Rafael N Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Viral Isolation ◽  
Vampire Bats ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Pcr Test

Rabies is a neurological disease, but the rabies virus spread to several organs outside the central nervous system (CNS). The rabies virus antigen or RNA has been identified from the salivary glands, the lungs, the kidneys, the heart and the liver. This work aimed to identify the presence of the rabies virus in non-neuronal organs from naturally-infected vampire bats and to study the rabies virus in the salivary glands of healthy vampire bats. Out of the five bats that were positive for rabies in the CNS, by fluorescent antibody test (FAT), viral isolation in N2A cells and reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 100% (5/5) were positive for rabies in samples of the tongue and the heart, 80% (4/5) in the kidneys, 40% (2/5) in samples of the salivary glands and the lungs, and 20% (1/5) in the liver by RT-PCR test. All the nine bats that were negative for rabies in the CNS, by FAT, viral isolation and RT-PCR were negative for rabies in the salivary glands by RT-PCR test. Possible consequences for rabies epidemiology and pathogenesis are discussed in this work.

scholarly journals Recovery and Identification of West Nile Virus from a Hawk in Winter

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 3110-3111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio E. Garmendia ◽  
Herbert J. Van Kruiningen ◽  
Richard A. French ◽  
John F. Anderson ◽  
Theodore G. Andreadis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Vero Cells ◽  
Virus Antigen ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
The Brain

West Nile virus was recovered from the brain of a red-tailed hawk that died in Westchester County, N.Y., in February 2000. Multiple foci of glial cells, lymphocytes, and a few pyknotic nuclei were observed in the brain. Three to 4 days after inoculation of Vero cells with brain homogenates, cytopathic changes were detected. The presence of West Nile virus antigen in fixed cells or cell lysates was revealed by fluorescent antibody testing or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Furthermore, Reverse transcriptase-PCR with primers specific for the NS3 gene of West Nile virus resulted in an amplicon of the expected size (470 bp). Electron microscopy of thin sections of infected Vero cells revealed the presence of viral particles approximately 40 nm in diameter, within cytoplasmic vesicles. The demonstration of infection with the West Nile virus in the dead of the winter, long after mosquitoes ceased to be active, is significant in that it testifies to the survival of the virus in the region beyond mosquito season and suggests another route of transmission: in this case, prey to predator.

scholarly journals Fatal bromethalin intoxication in 3 cats and 2 dogs with minimal or no histologic central nervous system spongiform change

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 642-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan C. Romano ◽  
Alan T. Loynachan ◽  
Dave C. Bolin ◽  
Uneeda K. Bryant ◽  
Laura Kennedy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Presumptive Diagnosis ◽  
Spongiform Change ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cns Lesions

Use of the neurotoxic rodenticide bromethalin has steadily increased since 2011, resulting in an increased incidence of bromethalin intoxications in pets. Presumptive diagnosis of bromethalin toxicosis relies on history of possible rodenticide exposure coupled with compatible neurologic signs or sudden death, and postmortem examination findings that eliminate other causes of death. Diagnosis is confirmed by detecting the metabolite desmethylbromethalin (DMB) in tissues. In experimental models, spongiform change in white matter of the central nervous system (CNS) is the hallmark histologic feature of bromethalin poisoning. We describe fatal bromethalin intoxication in 3 cats and 2 dogs with equivocal or no CNS white matter spongiform change, illustrating that the lesions described in models can be absent in clinical cases of bromethalin intoxication. Cases with history and clinical signs compatible with bromethalin intoxication warrant tissue analysis for DMB even when CNS lesions are not evident.

scholarly journals THE IMPORTANCE OF THE COURSE OF PUBLIC HISTORY FOR THE UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-59
Author(s):  
T. Orlova
Keyword(s):  
Public History ◽  
University Education ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Professional Faculties ◽  
The University ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

This article is dedicated to the pursuit of the ways of overcoming the crisis in university education in Ukraine, particularly at the department of history. By analyzing foreign experience, it is argued that the growing demand of society for history must be supplied by making experts with diplomas and degrees closer to the needs of the communities, as well as by finding new opportunities for the graduates at the labor market. Therefore, half a century ago professional historians have offered a new branch of training and subsequent activities, named public history. Currently, public history has spread practically all over the world: it is developing rapidly in the USA, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Ireland, China, India, Australia, New Zealand and other countries. Anumber of universities of ferspecial courses of training, in the USA, for example, there areover 130. The graduates of the higher education institutions can findjob with in the broad opportunities of the creative industry. Recently in Ukraine, at the government level, the idea of promoting the development of this industry is advocated. But the problem of staff is pressing even more due to the mass emigration of employable population, particularly educational emigration. The demand for the activities of public historians is also caused by the importance of the so-called "soft force" of the state at the global level, as well as by the urgency of streng the ning identity at the level of the countryor a specific community. The development of public history esteem cooperation between professionals and laymen, interested in history of past and recent years. Public history is a history about the public, for the public and together with the public. The mentioned branch spans a wide scope of forms of working with the past, oriented at various audiences. For training experts, it is proposed to introduce an obligatory course "Public/practical history" at the senior-class students of relevant professional faculties of Ukrainian universities. The functioning of the universities in market conditions must be oriented on efficiency, pragmatism, instrumentalization. The suggested course is innovative, interdisciplinary and practice-oriented according to the leading global trends in education and science. The implied training has to combine strong theoretical foundations with state-of-the-art practical technologies of spreading historical knowledge, served by the informational society.

scholarly journals Experimental Infection of Dogs and Monkeys with Two Rabies Serogroup Viruses, Lagos Bat and Mokola (IbAn 27377). Gross Pathologic and Histopathologic Changes

1973 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 534-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Percy ◽  
P. N. Bhatt ◽  
G. H. Tignor ◽  
R. E. Shope
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Bat Virus ◽  
Intracytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Histopathologic Changes ◽  
Inflammatory Changes ◽  
Mokola Virus

Dogs and monkeys were inoculated intracerebrally or intramuscularly with Lagos bat virus or Mokola virus, two viruses serologically and morphologically related to rabies virus. All animals inoculated intracerebrally died, but some animals inoculated intramuscularly survived. One monkey inoculated intramuscularly with Lagos bat virus survived with a hemiparesis. In both dogs and monkeys that died there was a nonsuppurative meningoencephalomyelitis and ganglionitis. Lesions were more extensive than those reported after infection with street rabies virus. Intracytoplasmic inclusions, morphologically indistinguishable from Negri bodies, were seen in the central nervous system of monkeys, but not dogs, that died. With fluorescent-antibody microscopy, granular aggregations of viral antigen were observed in the cytoplasm of many neurons in the central nervous system. In some animals, the retina and ciliary body of the eye had focal inflammatory changes.

Andrzej Walicki. Polskie zmagania z wolnością [Polish Troubles in Freedom]

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 258-259
Author(s):  
Stanisław Obirek
Keyword(s):  
Social Thought ◽  
History Of Ideas ◽  
Polish Academy ◽  
Marxist Philosophy ◽  
Martial Law ◽  
National University ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The University

Profesor Andrzej Walicki, born in 1930, is a historian of philosophy and social thought connected with the so called „Warsaw School of the History of Ideas" prevalent during the 1960s. His field of specialization is the history of Russian and Polish thought and also that of Marxist philosophy. Until 1981, he was professor at the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology PAN (Polish Academy of Science). During the time of martial law, Walicki was in Australia as a visiting professor of the Australian National University of Canberra. In 1986, he started working at the University of Notre Dame in the USA as chief of the chair of the history of ideas, where he continued to work until 1999, the vear of his retirement.

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