scholarly journals The influence of habitat preference on longitudinal population composition and distribution of Groupers (Serranidae) in Chumbe Island Coral Park, Zanzibar, Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Caroline Daley
Keyword(s):  
Population Health ◽  
Habitat Preference ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Slope Position ◽  
Population Composition ◽  
Realized Niche ◽  
Preferred Habitat ◽  
Cephalopholis Argus ◽  
Substrate Depth

A survey of six common grouper (Serranidae) species was conducted on both the western protected and eastern unprotected reefs around Chumbe Island, Zanzibar. Species, estimated maturity, and habitat were recorded using standardized categories. Fundamental niche and general habitat preference were extrapolated based on observed realized niche and qualified based on substrate, depth, slope position, and general reef region. Taking habitat preference into account, abundance and biomass density of serranid populations were compared between locations on the reef in order to best account for how habitat influences distribution and population health. The results of this study provide depth to previous research on the protected reef and indicate noteworthy shifts in population composition between 2014 and 2018 that favour species with less specified habitat preference, such as Aethaloperca rogaa and Cephalopholis argus. Surveys of Chumbe’s nearby unprotected eastern reef indicate low levels of species abundance, which this study hypothesizes is the result of inappropriate habitat structure, increased fishing pressure, and decreased population health within the MPA. Ultimately, this study suggests that MPAs do not protect all species equally, and habitat preference must be taken into account when assessing MPA effectiveness at protecting different species. Indeed, especially as serranid habitat faces continued degradation, serranid conservation will depend even more on protection of each species’ preferred habitat in coral systems. As such, assessing serranid populations as a whole fails to capture the changes in population distribution and composition that is occurring between species, which may be more indicative of shifts and disturbances in the ecosystem.

scholarly journals Challenges of ecological monitoring: estimating population abundance from sparse trap counts

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (68) ◽  
pp. 420-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Petrovskaya ◽  
Sergei Petrovskii ◽  
Archie K. Murchie
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Numerical Integration ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Ecological Monitoring ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Population Size Estimates ◽  
Size Estimates

Ecological monitoring aims to provide estimates of pest species abundance—this information being then used for making decisions about means of control. For invertebrate species, population size estimates are often based on trap counts which provide the value of the population density at the traps' location. However, the use of traps in large numbers is problematic as it is costly and may also be disruptive to agricultural procedures. Therefore, the challenge is to obtain a reliable population size estimate from sparse spatial data. The approach we develop in this paper is based on the ideas of numerical integration on a coarse grid. We investigate several methods of numerical integration in order to understand how badly the lack of spatial data can affect the accuracy of results. We first test our approach on simulation data mimicking spatial population distributions of different complexity. We show that, rather counterintuitively, a robust estimate of the population size can be obtained from just a few traps, even when the population distribution has a highly complicated spatial structure. We obtain an estimate of the minimum number of traps required to calculate the population size with good accuracy. We then apply our approach to field data to confirm that the number of trap/sampling locations can be much fewer than has been used in many monitoring programmes. We also show that the accuracy of our approach is greater that that of the statistical method commonly used in field studies. Finally, we discuss the implications of our findings for ecological monitoring practice and show that the use of trap numbers ‘smaller than minimum’ may still be possible but it would result in a paradigm shift: the population size estimates should be treated probabilistically and the arising uncertainty may introduce additional risk in decision-making.

scholarly journals Speciation: more likely through a genetic or through a learned habitat preference?

2005 ◽  
Vol 272 (1571) ◽  
pp. 1455-1463 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.B Beltman ◽  
J.A.J Metz
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Habitat Preference ◽  
Sympatric Speciation ◽  
Genetic Mechanism ◽  
Dynamical Analysis ◽  
Disruptive Selection ◽  
Single Population ◽  
Preferred Habitat ◽  
Simultaneous Evolution ◽  
Evolution Proceeds

A problem in understanding sympatric speciation is establishing how reproductive isolation can arise when there is disruptive selection on an ecological trait. One of the solutions that has been proposed is that a habitat preference evolves, and that mates are chosen within the preferred habitat. We present a model where the habitat preference can evolve either by means of a genetic mechanism or by means of learning. Employing an adaptive-dynamical analysis, we show that evolution proceeds either to a single population of specialists with a genetic preference for their optimal habitat, or to a population of generalists without a habitat preference. The generalist population subsequently experiences disruptive selection. Learning promotes speciation because it increases the intensity of disruptive selection. An individual-based version of the model shows that, when loci are completely unlinked and learning confers little cost, the presence of disruptive selection most probably leads to speciation via the simultaneous evolution of a learned habitat preference. For high costs of learning, speciation is most likely to occur via the evolution of a genetic habitat preference. However, the latter only happens when the effect of mutations is large, or when there is linkage between genes coding for the different traits.

Effects of Nutrient Enrichment on a Realistic Food Web

2014 ◽  
Vol 700 ◽  
pp. 711-714
Author(s):  
Lei Zhao ◽  
Hua Yong Zhang ◽  
Fang Zhao ◽  
Wang Tian
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Applied Ecology ◽  
Limiting Nutrient ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Consumer Interactions

Nutrients supplies play a crucial role in population distribution of food webs, and it is one of the most important challenges in both theoretical and applied ecology to better understand the ‘bottom-up’ effect. Here we analyzed a realistic food web containing one limiting nutrient and two producer-consumer interactions. Through the simulations of the mean population size and the variability of each species, we found that 1) in infertile environment the coexistence of species increases with nutrient supply; 2) the mean values of species abundance increase dramatically at then remain constant with the increase of nutrient supply; and 3) the stability of each population also increases and then remains constant. These results are inconsistent with the traditional predictions known as the ‘paradox of enrichment’, and our analysis may provide a solution to this paradox.

scholarly journals Study on the Demographic Analysis of Countries and the Construction of Population Health Index

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 242-248
Author(s):  
Heng Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Population Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Population ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Health Index ◽  
Middle East Countries

The data in this paper are from the POPULATION Data Bureau of the United States, Statistics Bureau of the European Union, CEIC global database, etc. SPSS software was used to carry out statistical analysis on the population data of about 230 countries and regions in the world from 2002 to 2012. Through the hierarchical cluster analysis, the population data of the Middle East countries are clustered, and it is found that the population distribution of the Middle East countries is relatively uniform. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to explore the determinants of the total American population, and it was found that the population aged 15-64 and the birth rate were significantly positively driven to the total American population. Finally, the population health index was constructed by factor analysis, and the supporting factors were life expectancy health factor and population quantity factor respectively.

scholarly journals A proposed population-health based metric for evaluating representativeness of air quality monitoring in cities: Using Hong Kong as a demonstration

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0252290
Author(s):  
Tilman Leo Hohenberger ◽  
Wenwei Che ◽  
Jimmy C. H. Fung ◽  
Alexis K. H. Lau
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Quality Monitoring ◽  
Air Quality Monitoring ◽  
Air Quality Model

City air quality monitoring (AQM) network are typically sparsely distributed due to high operation costs. It is of the question of how well it can reflect public health risks to air pollution given the diversity and heterogeneity in pollution, and spatial variations in population density. Combing high-resolution air quality model, spatial population distribution and health risk factors, we proposed a population-health based metric for AQM representativeness. This metric was demonstrated in Hong Kong using hourly modelling data of PM10, PM2.5, NO2 and O3 in 2019 with grid cells of 45m * 48m. Individual and total hospital admission risks (%AR) of these pollutants were calculated for each cell, and compared with those calculated at 16 monitoring sites using the similarity frequency (SF) method. AQM Representativeness was evaluated by SF and a population-health based network representation index (PHNI), which is population-weighted SF over the study-domain. The representativeness varies substantially among sites as well as between population- and area-based evaluation methods, reflecting heterogeneity in pollution and population. The current AQM network reflects population health risks well for PM10 (PHNI = 0.87) and PM2.5 (PHNI = 0.82), but is less able to represent risks for NO2 (PHNI = 0.59) and O3 (PHNI = 0.78). Strong seasonal variability in PHNI was found for PM, increasing by >11% during autumn and winter compared to summer due to regional transport. NO2 is better represented in urban than rural, reflecting the heterogeneity of urban traffic pollution. Combined health risk (%ARtotal) is well represented by the current AQM network (PHNI = 1), which is more homogenous due to the dominance and anti-correlation of NO2 and O3 related %AR. The proposed PHNI metric is useful to compare the health risk representativeness of AQM for individual and multiple pollutants and can be used to compare the effectiveness of AQM across cities.

scholarly journals Habitat Preferences of the Philippine Tarsier (Tarsius syrichta L.) in Loboc, Bohol, Philippines

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Teofanes Patindol ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Preference ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Woody Vines ◽  
Preferred Habitat ◽  
Small Diameter Trees ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

A study was conducted to describle the habitat preference of the Philippines tarsier in Loboc, Bohol. Description of habitat preference was based on species composition and density of the different layers of the stand, mean height, mean diameter and basal area including physical attributes such as aspect, slope and elevation. Three habitat variants of the Philippine tarsier were observed in Loboc, Bohol. The first variant was a relatively open thicket with many small-diameter trees and shrubs and dense undergrowths. The second variant was a thicket of tall grasses, many small diameter trees and dense undergrowths growing under a mahogany plantation. The third variant was a thicket of many small diamater trees and shrubs with less evident woody vines and dense undergrowths with limited exposure to direct sunlight and strong wind being situated along gullies. Preferred habitat of the Phlippine Tarsier are small diameter trees as roosting sites and dense undergrowth as a source of insects and small vertebrates which are preferred food of the animal. The presence of crevices, which are unique to the limestone environment, serve as "hiding places" to protect the animals from predators.

scholarly journals Status, abundance and habitat preference of butterflies (Insecta: Lepidoptera) in Chittagong University Campus, Chittagong, Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 9988
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Khalil Al Haidar ◽  
M. Mizanur Rahman ◽  
M. Farid Ahsan ◽  
M. Ariful Islam
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Preference ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Grass Land ◽  
Dense Forest ◽  
Preferred Habitat ◽  
Open Forest ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Scrub Forests ◽  
Scrub Forest ◽  
First Time

A study was conducted on the butterflies of the Chittagong University Campus (CUC), Bangladesh between March 2014 and May 2015.  A total of 142 species of butterflies belonging to 87 genera and six families (Hesperiidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Riodinidae and Nymphalidae) were recorded from the CUC during the study period.  Family Nymphalidae comprised the highest number of species followed by Lycaenidae, Hesperiidae, Pieridae, Papilionidae and Riodinidae.  The abundance of this species stated in terms of very common, common, uncommon, rare and very rare.  The butterflies used different types of habitat (viz., grass land, crop land, open forest, scrub forest, dense forest and bamboo patch) and among all, scrub forests were the most preferred habitat.  Mud puddling of 35 species were also observed.  Five species of butterflies (Ampittia dioscorides, Matapa purpurascens, Polytremis eltola, Unkana ambasa and Ypthima ceylonica) were recorded for the first time in Bangladesh.

Fertility Differentials and Their Impact on Population Distribution and Composition in Northern Ireland

1978 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1397-1411 ◽  
Author(s):  
P A Compton
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Religious Denomination ◽  
Population Composition ◽  
Geographical Variability ◽  
Fertility Differentials ◽  
Regional Population

The geographical variability of fertility in Northern Ireland is described and related to the factors of religious denomination, social class, and proportion of the population who are married. Although the substantial differences in birthrate from one region to another have a significant impact on population composition, it is concluded that internal migration rather than natural increase is the more important component of regional population growth and changing population distribution.

scholarly journals Habitat preference and current distribution of Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla L. 1758) in Dorokha Dungkhag, Samtse, southern Bhutan

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 16424-16433
Author(s):  
Dago Dorji ◽  
Jambay ◽  
Ju Lian Chong ◽  
Tshering Dorji
Keyword(s):  
Current Distribution ◽  
Habitat Preference ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Burrow Density ◽  
Preferred Habitat ◽  
High Termite ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Manis Pentadactyla ◽  
Feeding Activities ◽  
Belt Transect

The Chinese Pangolin (CP), Manis pentadactyla L. is one of the two pangolin species recorded in Bhutan.  Not many studies, however, were carried out on the species in Bhutan.  The present study was carried out to assess the habitat preference and current distribution of CP, Manis pentadactyla in Dorokha Dungkhag, Samtse from January to March 2017.  Belt transect method consisting of 100 x 100 m each was used to assess the habitat preference and estimate burrow density, coupled with an extensive search of indirect signs of pangolin presence (burrows, scat, footprint, scales, scratches) was utilized to determine the current distribution of the CP.  Modelling of habitat was carried out using QGIS and Maxent.  A total of 181 burrows were recorded from 48 plots with burrow density of 0.104 per hectare.  These were mostly distributed in the habitat dominated by needlework trees (Schima wallichii), evergreen broadleaf (Castanopsis hytrix) and shrubs (Viburnum species).  The preferred habitat of the CP was recorded to range from an altitude of 1,300–1,700 m, with highest feeding activities recorded within the periphery of cardamom plantation and adjacent forested area.  A higher burrow density was recorded in humid soils, with high termite presence, and in the vicinity of human settlements.  Habitat modelling revealed that 23.57km2 of the study area was highly suitable and 37.88km2 was a suitable habitat for the species.  Similar studies are suggested to be carried out in other parts of Bhutan in different seasons to better understand the species and its distribution in the country. 

Generating psychotherapy breakthroughs: Transtheoretical strategies from population health psychology.

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (7) ◽  
pp. 996-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
James O. Prochaska ◽  
John C. Norcross ◽  
Southey F. Saul
Keyword(s):  
Health Psychology ◽  
Population Health
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document