DIRECT MICROSCOPIC SOMATIC CELL COUNT IN MILK

1968 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 350-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Milk Sample ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Cellular Concentration ◽  
Oil Immersion ◽  
Mechanical Stage

The Direct Microscopic Somatic Cell Count is a modification of the Breed technique in which 0.01 ml of milk sample is spread over a circular 1 cm2 area on a special slide, and is dried, stained, and examined microscopically using the oil-immersion lens. The unit of area examined is a diametric strip of the milk film, traversed by manipulation of the mechanical stage controls. A special eyepiece reticle defines the width of the strip. All nucleated somatic cells within the strip are counted. The estimate of cellular concentration in the milk sample is based on the count of two mutually perpendicular strips on each of duplicate films. The method permits both determination and close control of count precision.

scholarly journals Effect of somatic cell count on dairy products: a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukta Talukder ◽  
HM Manir Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Microbial Count ◽  
Endogenous Enzymes ◽  
Fluid Milk

Somatic cells are the most essential factors naturally present in milk, and somatic cell count (SCC) is used as an indicator of monitoring mastitis incidence in the herd and also to assess the quality of milk. In addition, SCC is frequently used to determine quality payments to dairy producers. The SCC is directly related to get maximum milk production from individual cow and a lower SCC indicates better animal health, as somatic cells originate only from inside the animal's udder. SCC monitoring is important because as the number of somatic cells increases, milk yield is likely to fall, primarily due to the damage to milk-producing tissue in the udder caused by mastitis pathogens and the toxins they produce, particularly when epithelial cells are lost. Keeping low SSC will allow good quality more raw milk and provide a better product to milk processors whether used as fluid milk or converted to milk based products. Somatic cells containing lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes lead to degrade major nutrients fats and proteins, respectively. Elevated SCC is related to udder inflammation, which leads to alter the normal microbial count and physicochemical parameters of milk, as well as the quality of heat treated fluid milk and milk based product. The objective of this review is to discuss on the SSC and endogenous enzymes released from somatic cells in raw milk as well as effect of somatic cells count and their endogenous enzymes in processed milk and milk based products.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2017, 3(1): 1-9

Somatic cell count as a monitoring system for hygienicmilk production in India: A review

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Jadhav ◽  
S. B. Tarate ◽  
M. Bhuvana ◽  
D. N. Das ◽  
B. R. Shome
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Mammary Epithelial ◽  
The Developed Countries

The major alteration in the milk composition due to mastitis includes presence of somatic cells (neutrophills, monocytes, macrophages and mammary epithelial cells), bactericidal and bacteriostatic compounds and certain enzymes. Antibiotic residue violation and presence of foodborn pathogens with/without their toxins is another threat of immense importance. These changes in the milk account for the deterioration of the milk quality, risk of health hazards and also its acceptance in the international market. Of all these components, milk somatic cells are the single most widely used indicator of the udder health and mastitis. Somatic cell count (SCC) is used as a system for measurement of milk quality internationally. Strict legislation for monitoring the minimum SCC level is followed to ensure healthy milk in most of the developed countries. This paper introduces the concept of ‘Clean White Revolution’ and reviews the importance of SCC as a measure to ensure hygienic milk production in India. It also emphasizes upon a need to strengthen the existing legislations concerned.

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOMATIC CELL COUNT AND ZINC BLOOD SERUM CONCENTRATION IN DAIRY COWS

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-68
Author(s):  
Ivana Davidov ◽  
Miodrag Radinović ◽  
Mihajlo Erdeljan ◽  
Ivan Stančić ◽  
Dragica Stojanović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Spring And Autumn Period ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Friesian Cows

The study was conducted on 15 Holstein-Friesian cows aged between 3 and 5 years kept in the free grazing conditions in summer. The samples of milk were taken twice a year for monitoring subclinical mastitis. In addition to milk samples, the blood samples were taken to determine the concentration of zinc in serum. The occurrence of subclinical mastitis in high yielding cows was estimated based on the values of zinc concentration in blood serum and somatic cells of milk. By analyzing the samples of blood serum, a variation in the concentration of zinc in blood serum was noted depending on the season. Somatic cell count in the spring and autumn period in average was over 400.000/ml milk. Based on statistical analysis, the correlation test, it was concluded that the concentration of zinc in blood serum of cows in the experimental group had no significant effect on the somatic cells count in milk.

scholarly journals 113 Somatic cells as an indicator of quality of the cow’s milk

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 101-101
Author(s):  
Kirill Plemyashov ◽  
Nikolai Bogachev ◽  
Valerii G Skopichev ◽  
Nataliya A Panova ◽  
Fliura Alistratova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Leningrad Region ◽  
California Mastitis Test ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Foam Forming ◽  
Comparison Of The Results ◽  
Group 1

Abstract When udder becomes inflamed during lactation, significant increase of somatic cells count in milk occurs. That is why an express-test based on surfactant’s effects was created. For this purpose 3 groups of samples were formed according to the somatic cell count in cm 3: group 1 - over 4.0*10^5 per cm3 (60 samples); group 2 - up to 4.0*10^5 in cm3 (100 samples); group 3 (control) - 3.0*10^5 in cm3 (30 samples). Experiments were conducted in the spring-summer and autumn-winter periods. Total amount of examined samples is 190. Somatic cell count in the samples was counted by viscometric method with the use of “Somatos-B.” We use the milk of animals 10–15 days after calving. Milk was mixed 1:1 with reagent, then after 3–4 tube shaking a height of foam column was determined. In the presence of somatic cells the foam forming is depressed. There was a positive reaction with column’s height from 3 to 10 (foaming) and negative reaction is considered to be from 0 to 3 (no foaming). There was a California mastitis test (CMT) as a control which is highly usable as an express-test in Leningrad region of Russia. The comparison of the results of two test show: on group 1 according to CMT 40 samples were positive, and foaming test determined 60 cases of somatic cells count increasing. On 2 group according to CMT 10 samples were positive and foaming test determined 60 cases of somatic cells count increasing. On 3 group according to CMT 1 sample was positive and foaming test not determined any somatic cells count increasing. This express method is not requires a big amount of time – it takes 8–10 seconds to mix a reagent and milk and evaluate results. So this method allows us to increase the mastitis diagnostic accuracy.

COLLABORATIVE STUDY OF CONFIRMATORY TESTING PROCEDURES FOR SOMATIC CELLS IN MILK

1971 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 285-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Read ◽  
J. G. Bradshaw ◽  
J. T. Peeler
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Experimental Error ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Total Variance ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Collaborative Studies ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation

Collaborative studies were done to establish the experimental error (replicate variance) and the among-analyst variance of three modifications of the Direct Microscopic Somatic Cell Count and the Electronic Somatic Cell Count when used in laboratories that test milk routinely. The lowest total variance of logarithms of 0.00639 was obtained with the electronic procedure, followed by 0.00964 for the field counting modification of the Direct Microscopic Somatic Cell Count. The strip-reticle modification of the latter procedure had a total variance of 0.01251, and the Direct Microscopic Somatic Cell Count modification that involves counting all somatic cells on one strip without the use of a reticle had a variance of 0.03041. The coefficients of variation for the experimental error for the Electronic Somatic Cell Count and for the field counting, strip count with reticle, and strip count without reticle modifications of the Direct Microscopic Somatic Cell Count were 8, 17, 14, and 17%, respectively.

Status of Subclinical Mastitis in Crossbred Cattle of Peri-urban Unorganized Herd of Middle Indo-gangetic Plains

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pankaj Kumar ◽  
Rashmi Rekha Kumari ◽  
Abhay Kumar ◽  
Rohan Kumar Raman ◽  
P.C. Chandran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Milk Sample ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
Crossbred Cattle ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Gangetic Plains ◽  
The Mean

Background: Mastitis is the most common and economically important disease of dairy cattle. Subclinical mastitis is a more important form in India than clinical mastitis. Subclinical mastitis (SCM) detection done by periodic examination of the udder health by evaluation of milk at the herd level or the individual cow level by milk somatic cell count (SCC), followed by culture of random milk samples. The presented study was undertaken by survey and sampling of milk from lactating crossbred cattle of unorganized dairy farms and farmer’s dairy of the peri-urban region of middle Indo-Gangetic Plains. The objective of the study was to monitor the status of SCM in crossbred cattle and associated changes in milk constitutes and oxidative stress in milk. Methods: A total of 147 lactating crossbred cattle were screened for SCM using the modified California Mastitis Test (CMT) using detergent based CMT reagent and compared with conventional CMT reagent, followed by SCC, milk constituents, bacterial isolation and antibiotic sensitivity testing (ABST). General information was collected in pre-tested questionnaire. The data obtained were statistically treated to evaluate significance of the study.Conclusion: The overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis in peri-urban cross-bred cattle was 36.74% which varied with parity and stage of milking. Prevalence of subclinical mastitis was highest (55.77%) in cross-bred cattle in mid-lactation and Parity 3-5. The mean SCC was significantly higher (7.21±0.27) in subclinical mastitis compared to CMT negative (3.66±0.06) milk sample. Somatic cell count was positively and significantly correlated with CMT reactions using conventional CMT reagent (rs= 0.86) as well as modified CMT reagent (rs=0.815) attempted using Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient. The mean values of milk pH, fat and lactic acid acidity increased significantly (P£0.01) in SCM compared to the milk of healthy cattle, except lactose which decreased significantly in SCM milk. The common contagious bacteria responsible for SCM isolate were coagulase-positive Staphylococcus spp. (64.82%) isolates from these SCM milk followed by Streptococcus spp. ABST test conducted on random CMT positive milk sample indicated that gentamicin as most sensitive, followed by enrofloxacin. The present finding indicates the suitability of enrofloxacin as the most useful antibiotic for the treatment of subclinical mastitis in cross-bred cattle of the peri-urban area of middle Indo-Gangetic plains.

scholarly journals Influence of time of day the milk and season on the somatic cell count under Hungarian conditions

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-357
Author(s):  
Z. Baltay
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Udder Health ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Absolute Quantity

Abstract. This research indicates that the numerical value of the emptying of somatic cells as a result of the effect of time of day cannot be demonstrated and interval difference less than 2 hours between milking does not significantly influence the formation of somatic cells and their absolute quantity. Moreover it was confirmed that subclinical mastitis also occurs in individual udder quarters of healthy qualified cows producing bulk milk with somatic cell count below 400 thousand / ml. Udder quarter with mastitis was found in 15,2 % of cows of the tested stock realising this production, which can be considered a significant proportion and is a justification for eliminating and taking udder health care of these animals

scholarly journals Evaluation of breeding values of bulls for somatic cell count in milk

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 1059-1066
Author(s):  
M. Radinovic ◽  
S. Trivunovic ◽  
D. Kucevic ◽  
R. Djedovic ◽  
V. Bogdanovic
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
Selection Of

The incidence of subclinical and clinical mastitis in the mammary gland produces variety of defensive factors were nuclear leukocytes, lymphocytes and macrophages play an important role and they are marked as somatic cells. Somatic cell count depends on the type of pathogen and stage of infection. Increased number of somatic cells in milk occurs as a result of lesions in the mammary gland. Studies have shown that the somatic cells count is genetically predisposed. Although the heritability of this trait is low, using modern methods and the proper selection of work it is possible to achieve some progress. Therefore it is necessary to the selection of bulls for somatic cells, on the basis of somatic cells in milk of daughters. Data on milk yield and somatic cell count in milk of 247 cows Holstein Friesian and Simmental breed from Vojvodina province, were used to analyze the evaluation of breeding values for somatic cells in milk Average values and variability of somatic cells, milk yield, milk fat yield and protein and content of milk fat and protein were determined. The average number of somatic cells was 317 000 per ml of milk, with high variability. Average milk yield of 7 634kg with an average content and yield of milk fat from 3.74% to 285.69 kg and the average protein content and yield of 3.15% and 237.15 kg were determined. Assessment of breeding values was calculated using BLUP model of father, high variability in the assessment of bulls was found. Getting more accurate breeding values is possible using the Animal Model.

scholarly journals Somatic cell count during first and second lactation in ewes

10.5219/1059 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 396-401
Author(s):  
Vladimír Tančin ◽  
Kristína Tvarožková ◽  
Michal Uhrinčať ◽  
Lucia Mačuhová ◽  
Martina Vršková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Milk Samples

The aim of this study was to describe the frequency of distribution of ewes in SCC groups on the basis SCS (somatic cells score) per lactation and estimate changes of SCC from 1st lactation on 2nd lactation. The experiment was carried at seven farms in 1st observed period (2016 and 2017) and at eight farms in 2nd observed one (2017 and 2018). Within each of periods the same animals were sampled on their 1st and following 2nd lactation in next year of study, only. Totally 1199 milk samples from 159 ewes and 1653 milk samples from 219 ewes were collected during 1st period and 2nd period, respectively. Milk sampling were taken monthly from April to August in both periods. For evaluation only ewes with minimum three sampling per year (minimum six samples per animal) were included in the study within both periods. The ewes were divided into the five SCC groups on basis of their SCS per lactation: G1 = SCC

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