DISTRIBUTION OF VIBRIO PARAHAEMOLYTICUS IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT1

Vibrio parahaemolyticus has been isolated widely from marine environments but appears to be most abundant in in-shore and estuarine areas where ambient temperatures rise seasonally to levels permitting growth of the organism. Japanese and U. S. studies of coastal areas have shown a direct relationship between temperature and abundance of V. parahaemolyticus and this correlates with the seasonal incidence of V. parahaemolyticus food poisoning in Japan. The organism has been isolated from water, sediment, plankton, fish, and shellfish. In North America it seems to be most abundant in molluscan shellfish and in waters of high organic content. Counts of 10–200/ml of water, 1–7/g of sediment and up to 105/g of oyster tissue have been reported for North American inshore areas. Limited information on market seafood samples indicates very low incidence of V. parahaemolyticus on fin fish in Europe and North America and high incidence in Japan during summer months. Limited data on market samples of frozen and fresh shellfish in U.S.A. suggest sporadically high incidence on shrimp, crabmeat, oysters, and clams.

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Staphylococcal food poisoning in the United Kingdom, 1969–90

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268800050949 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 110 (3) ◽

pp. 519-531 ◽

Cited By ~ 161

Author(s):

A. A. Wieneke ◽

D. Roberts ◽

R. J. Gilbert

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

United Kingdom ◽

Food Poisoning ◽

Food Hygiene ◽

Milk Products ◽

Group Iii ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Sporadic Cases ◽

Fish And Shellfish

SUMMARYBetween 1969 and 1990 strains ofStaphylococcus aureusfrom 359 outbreaks and sporadic cases of staphylococcal food poisoning in the United Kingdom were examined in the PHLS Food Hygiene Laboratory for the production of enterotoxin. In a number of instances the incriminated foods were also examined for the presence of enterotoxin. Strains from 79% of incidents produced enterotoxin A alone or together with another enterotoxin. The level ofS. aureuspresent in the foods ranged from no viableS. aureusdetected to 1.5 × 1010c.f.u./g with a median of 3.0 × 107c.f.u./g. Enterotoxin was detected in foods in the absence of viableS. aureusin only two outbreaks and in both cheese was the implicated food. Meat. poultry or their products were the vehicle in 75% of incidents with ham and chicken most frequently implicated. Other foods included fish and shellfish (7%) and milk and milk products (8%). Most contamination took place in the home followed by restaurants and shops. Seventy-one percent of the incident strains were lysed by phages of group III or I/III.

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Incidence and Survival of Cylindrocladium parasiticum in Peanut Seed

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2003.87.7.867 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 87 (7) ◽

pp. 867-871 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

D. L. Glenn ◽

P. M. Phipps ◽

R. J. Stipes

Keyword(s):

Seed Storage ◽

Infested Soil ◽

Ambient Temperatures ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Commercial Seed ◽

Cylindrocladium Parasiticum ◽

High Incidence ◽

Normal Seed ◽

Pathogen Recovery ◽

Field Plots

Sixty-three commercial seed lots of peanut produced in Virginia were examined for the presence of seed with speckled testae. Speckled seed were present in seed lots from the 1998, 1999, and 2000 growing seasons at average rates of 3, 1.2, and 0.6%, respectively. Speckled and normal seed from 19 seed lots were assayed on a medium selective for C. parasiticum. The fungus was isolated from speckled seed at rates ranging from 40 to 96%. C. parasiticum was isolated only from a single normal seed from one seed lot. The pathogen was recovered at high rates from speckled seed immediately after pods had been dried in commercial drying trailers at temperatures up to 35°C. Ambient temperatures during winter seed storage that fluctuated from -10 to 28°C in 1999 and -8 to 33°C in 2000 greatly reduced pathogen recovery in speckled seed stored for 16 or 24 weeks. In field plots with naturally infested soil, the number of speckled seed harvested was directly correlated to the number of symptomatic plants in plots on 29 September. Based on this finding, the harvest of seed peanuts in areas of a field with high incidence of Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) should be avoided. Adoption of this policy is expected to lower the number of speckled seed entering commercial seed lots and reduce the risk for spread of CBR.

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Microbiological Quality of Fish and Shellfish, With Special Reference to Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Domestic Markets of West Bengal, India

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ◽

10.20546/ijcmas.2018.710.322 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. 2772-2783

Author(s):

Chandraval Dutta ◽

Sanjib Kumar Manna ◽

Ashis Kumar Panigrahi ◽

Chandan Sengupta

Keyword(s):

Special Reference ◽

Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽

West Bengal ◽

Microbiological Quality ◽

Domestic Markets ◽

Fish And Shellfish

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Evaluation of a Tissue Culture–Based Approach for Differentiating between Virulent and Avirulent Vibrio parahaemolyticus Strains Based on Cytotoxicity

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-70.2.348 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 70 (2) ◽

pp. 348-354 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

P. S. MARIE YEUNG ◽

MARTIN WIEDMANN ◽

KATHRYN J. BOOR

Keyword(s):

Tissue Culture ◽

Cell Lines ◽

Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽

Cell Damage ◽

Human Infection ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Food Sources ◽

Oyster Tissue ◽

Assay Sensitivity ◽

Mammalian Cell Lines

The ability of only a subset of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains to cause human infection underscores the need for an analytical method that can effectively differentiate between pathogenic strains and those that do not cause disease. We tested the feasibility of a tissue culture–based assay to determine whether clinical isolates could be differentiated from nonclinical isolates based on relative isolate cytopathogenicity. To screen for cytotoxic capability, we measured relative extracellular lactate dehydrogenase as an indicator of host cell damage in five different mammalian cell lines in the presence of V. parahaemolyticus. Isolates originating from clinical sources exhibited 15.5 to 59.3% relative cytotoxicity, whereas those originating from food sources exhibited 4.4 to 54.9% relative cytotoxicity. In the presence of ∼1.2 × 106 cells, cytotoxicity was 1.6- to 3.5-fold higher (P < 0.05) for clinical isolates than for nonclinical isolates in L2, Henle 407, and Caco-2 cell lines. V. parahaemolyticus serotype O3:K6 clinical isolates had 1.6- to 2.1-fold higher cytotoxicity than did the non-O3:K6 clinical isolates, with significantly higher cytotoxicity in HeLa, J774A.1, and Henle 407 cells than in L2 and Caco-2 cells. Because V. parahaemolyticus often is found in oysters, the effect of the presence of an oyster matrix on assay efficacy was also tested with L2 cells. The cytotoxicity elicited by a highly cytotoxic V. parahaemolyticus isolate was not affected by the presence of oyster tissue, suggesting that an oyster matrix will not interfere with assay sensitivity. In the present format, this assay can detect the presence of >105 cells of a virulent V. parahaemolyticus strain in an oyster matrix.

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Inactivation of Aeromonas hydrophila and Vibrio parahaemolyticus by Curcumin-Mediated Photosensitization and Nanobubble-Ultrasonication Approaches

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9091306 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 1306

Author(s):

Shamil Rafeeq ◽

Setareh Shiroodi ◽

Michael H. Schwarz ◽

Nitin Nitin ◽

Reza Ovissipour

Keyword(s):

Water Samples ◽

Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽

Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽

Microbial Pathogens ◽

Antimicrobial Efficacy ◽

Photodynamic Inactivation ◽

Complete Reduction ◽

Novel Methods ◽

Fish And Shellfish

The antimicrobial efficacy of novel photodynamic inactivation and nanobubble technologies was evaluated against Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Aeromonas hydrophila as two important aquatic microbial pathogens. Photodynamic inactivation results showed that LED (470 nm) and UV-A (400 nm)-activated curcumin caused a complete reduction in V. parahaemolyticus at 4 and 22 °C, and a greater than 2 log cfu/mL reduction in A. hydrophila, which was curcumin concentration-dependent (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the photodynamic approach caused a greater than 6 log cfu/mL V. parahaemolyticus reduction and more than 4 log cfu/mL of A. hydrophila reduction in aquaponic water samples (p < 0.05). Our results with the nanobubble technology showed that the nanobubbles alone did not significantly reduce bacteria (p > 0.05). However, a greater than 6 log cfu/mL A. hydrophila reduction and a greater than 3 log cfu/mL of V. parahaemolyticus reduction were achieved when nanobubble technology was combined with ultrasound (p < 0.05). The findings described in this study illustrate the potential of applying photodynamic inactivation and nanobubble–ultrasound antimicrobial approaches as alternative novel methods for inactivating fish and shellfish pathogens.

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Real-Time PCR Quantification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Oysters Using an Alternative Matrix

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-67.11.2424 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 67 (11) ◽

pp. 2424-2429 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

G. E. KAUFMAN ◽

G. M. BLACKSTONE ◽

M. C. L. VICKERY ◽

A. K. BEJ ◽

J. BOWERS ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Real Time Pcr ◽

Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽

Pcr Amplification ◽

Oyster Tissue ◽

Pcr Assay ◽

Colony Hybridization ◽

The Real ◽

Mantle Fluid ◽

June July

This study examined the relationship between levels of total Vibrio parahaemolyticus found in oyster tissues and mantle fluid with the goal of using mantle fluid as a template matrix in a new quantitative real-time PCR assay targeting the thermolabile hemolysin (tlh) gene for the enumeration of total V. parahaemolyticus in oysters. Oysters were collected near Mobile Bay, Ala., in June, July, and September and tested immediately after collection and storage at 26°C for 24 h. Initial experiments using DNA colony hybridization targeting tlh demonstrated that natural V. parahaemolyticus levels in the mantle fluid of individual oysters were strongly correlated (r = 0.85, P < 0.05) with the levels found in their tissues. When known quantities of cultured V. parahaemolyticus cells were added to real-time PCR reactions that contained mantle fluid and oyster tissue matrices separately pooled from multiple oysters, a strong linear correlation was observed between the real-time PCR cycle threshold and the log concentration of cells inoculated into each PCR reaction (mantle fluid: r = 0.98, P < 0.05; and oyster: r = 0.99, P < 0.05). However, the mantle fluid exhibited less inhibition of the PCR amplification than the homogenized oyster tissue. Analysis of natural V. parahaemolyticus populations in mantle fluids using both colony hybridization and real-time PCR demonstrated a significant (P < 0.05) but reduced correlation (r =−0.48) between the two methods. Reductions in the efficiency of the real-time PCR that resulted from low population densities of V. parahaemolyticus and PCR inhibitors present in the mantle fluid of some oysters (with significant oyster-to-oyster variation) contributed to the reduction in correlation between the methods that was observed when testing natural V. parahaemolyticus populations. The V. parahaemolyticus–specific real-time PCR assay used for this study could estimate elevated V. parahaemolyticus levels in oyster mantle fluid within 1 h from sampling time.

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Detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Shellfish by Use of Multiplexed Real-Time PCR with TaqMan Fluorescent Probes

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.72.3.2031-2042.2006 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 72 (3) ◽

pp. 2031-2042 ◽

Cited By ~ 85

Author(s):

Linda N. Ward ◽

Asim K. Bej

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Real Time Pcr ◽

Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Tissue Homogenate ◽

Oyster Tissue ◽

Reading Frame ◽

Initial Inoculum ◽

Hemolysin Gene ◽

Pure Cultures

ABSTRACT We developed a multiplexed real-time PCR assay using four sets of gene-specific oligonucleotide primers and four TaqMan probes labeled with four different fluorophores in a single reaction for detection of total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus, including the pandemic O3:K6 serotype in oysters. V. parahaemolyticus has been associated with outbreaks of food-borne gastroenteritis caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood and therefore is a concern to the seafood industry and consumers. We selected specific primers and probes targeting the thermostable direct hemolysin gene (tdh) and tdh-related hemolysin gene (trh) that have been reported to be associated with pathogenesis in this organism. In addition, we targeted open reading frame 8 of phage f237 (ORF8), which is associated with a newly emerged virulent pandemic serotype of V. parahameolyticus O3:K6. Total V. parahaemolyticus was targeted using the thermolabile hemolysin gene (tlh). The sensitivity of the combined four-locus multiplexed TaqMan PCR was found to be 200 pg of purified genomic DNA and 104 CFU per ml for pure cultures. Detection of an initial inoculum of 1 CFU V. parahaemolyticus per g of oyster tissue homogenate was possible after overnight enrichment, which resulted in a concentration of 3.3 × 109 CFU per ml. Use of this method with natural oysters resulted in 17/33 samples that were positive for tlh and 4/33 samples that were positive for tdh. This assay specifically and sensitively detected total and pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus and is expected to provide a rapid and reliable alternative to conventional detection methods by reducing the analysis time and obviating the need for multiple assays.

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The First Detection of Kudoa hexapunctata in Farmed Pacific Bluefin Tuna in South Korea, Thunnus orientalis (Temminck and Schlegel, 1844)

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10091705 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1705

Author(s):

Gyoungsik Kang ◽

Kwang-Min Choi ◽

Dong-Hee Cho ◽

Min-Soo Joo ◽

Min-Jin Heo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Korea ◽

Food Poisoning ◽

Bluefin Tuna ◽

Pacific Bluefin Tuna ◽

Thunnus Orientalis ◽

Internal Organs ◽

Molecular Biological Analysis ◽

The Pacific ◽

Fish And Shellfish ◽

Kudoa Hexapunctata

The consumption of fish and shellfish worldwide is steadily increasing, and tuna is a particularly valuable fish species. However, infection caused by Kudoa spp. is causing problems in many fish including the Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis), and there is much controversy about the association of these infections with foodborne disease. In this study, using haematological and histological analyses of the blood and internal organs (liver, spleen, kidney, heart, stomach, intestine, gill, and muscle) of Pacific bluefin tuna cultured in South Korea, infection with Myxosporea was first identified, and molecular biological analysis was conducted. In this study, Kudoa hexapunctata was finally identified. The Pacific bluefin tunas analysed in this study did not show any gross pathology lesions, such as visible cysts and/or myoliquefaction, of infection with this species. The histological analytical results can provide guidelines for the identification of K. hexapunctata. In the case of K. hexapunctata-induced infection, unlike other countries, such as Japan, there have been no reports in South Korea, and this study is the first to detect K. hexapunctata infection in Pacific bluefin tuna cultured in South Korea. The correlation between K. hexapunctata and food poisoning is not yet clear, however, it is thought that continuous observation of its infection is necessary.

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Epiphytic lactic acid bacteria succession during the pre-ensiling and ensiling periods of alfalfa and maize

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600022650 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 1992 ◽

pp. 155-155

Author(s):

Chunjian Lin ◽

K. K. Bolsen ◽

B. E. Brent ◽

D.Y.C. Fung ◽

W. R. Aimutis

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

North America ◽

Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽

Limited Information ◽

Maize Hybrids ◽

Silage Fermentation ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Three Stages ◽

Second Year

Epiphytic LAB, e.g., lactobacilli, lactococci, enterococci, pediococci, streptococci, and leuconostocs, play a major role in silage fermentation. Their numbers and populations have become a concern in predicting the adequacy of silage fermentation and in determining whether or not to apply a bacterial inoculant (Bolsen et al, 1989). Epiphytic LAB counts are usually low and variable on silage crops (Lin et al, 1991), and increases in the LAB counts usually occur coincident to the chopping process. Only limited information is available concerning the succession of epiphytic LAB species during the ensiling period of alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) and maize (Zea mays L.), the two major silage crops in North America. The present studies investigated the epiphytic LAB succession during the pre-ensiling and ensiling periods for two cuttings of alfalfa, each harvested at three stages of maturity, and three whole-plant maize hybrids.A second-year stand of alfalfa was harvested at the 2nd and 4th cuttings and at the late-bud, 10% bloom, and 50% bloom stages of maturity within each cutting in 1989. Following mowing, the alfalfa was wilted in the windrow for 5 to 6 hours prior to precision chopping.

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