A SCREENING MEDIUM AND METHOD TO DETECT SEVERAL MYCOTOXINS IN MOLD CULTURES1

1974 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. Bullerman
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Corn Steep Liquor ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Penicillic Acid ◽  
Mycotoxin Production ◽  
Single Culture ◽  
Steep Liquor ◽  
Rice Powder

A single culture medium consisting of rice powder (5%), corn steep liquor (4%), and agar (2%) was tested as a substrate for mycotoxin production using 34 known toxinogenic mold strains. Aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, sterigmatocystin, penicillic acid, patulin, citrinin, and zearalenone were each detectable in 4 days of incubation at 25 C using this medium. Extraction of melted agar cultures, in screw cap test tubes, with hot chloroform (55 C) followed by cooling to resolidify the agar greatly facilitated and simplified the extraction process and eliminated the need for separatory funnels. Mycotoxins were detected by treating developed thin-layer chromatographic plates with ammonia fumes, p-anisaldehyde, and phenylhydrazine and then viewing the chromatoplates under ultraviolet and white lights.

Incidence of toxigenic molds in farm-level cheesemaking units from Arzua (La Coruña, Spain)

1995 ◽  
Vol 1 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. VÁZquez-Belda ◽  
C.A. Fente-Sampayo ◽  
E. Quinto-Fernandez ◽  
C. Franco-Abuin ◽  
J.L. RodrîGuez-Otero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Mycotoxin Production ◽  
Farm Level ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Four hundred ten strains of Penicillium and 120 strains of Aspergillus isolated from air, surfaces, and cheese, in 10 farm-level cheesemaking farm units from Arzúa (La Coruña, Spain) were classified. The mycotoxin production using the APA medium and thin-layer chromatography was proved. With respect to the production of aflatoxins, 19% from Aspergillus strains resulted positive in agar APA and 18.3% by thin-layer chromatography. With regard to citrinin, 22.2% from Penicillium strains and 5% from the Aspergillus strains were producers of this mycotoxin; 16.1% from Penicillium and 1.67% from Aspergillus produced ochratoxin A. With regard to patulin, 5.4% from the fungi belonging to the genus Penicillium studied were producers of this mycotoxin as well as 3.3% from the Aspergillus. Just 6.6% from the Aspergillus strains resulted in the production of sterigmatocystin.

scholarly journals Production of cupcake-like dessert containing microbial biosurfactant as an emulsifier

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivison A. Silva ◽  
Bruno O. Veras ◽  
Beatriz G. Ribeiro ◽  
Jaciana S. Aguiar ◽  
Jenyffer M. Campos Guerra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Corn Steep Liquor ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Candida Bombicola ◽  
Standard Formulation ◽  
Cytotoxic Potential ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Steep Liquor

This work describes the application of the biosurfactant from Candida bombicola URM 3718 as a meal additive like cupcake. The biosurfactant was produced in a culture medium containing 5% sugar cane molasses, 5% residual soybean oil and 3% corn steep liquor. The surface and interfacial tension of the biosurfactant were 30.790 ± 0.04 mN/m and 0.730 ± 0.05 mN/m, respectively. The yield in isolated biosurfactant was 25 ± 1.02 g/L and the CMC was 0.5 g/L. The emulsions of the isolated biosurfactant with vegetable oils showed satisfactory results. The microphotographs of the emulsions showed that increasing the concentration of biosurfactant decreased the oil droplets, increasing the stability of the emulsions. The biosurfactant was incorporated into the cupcake dessert formulation, replacing 50%, 75% and 100% of the vegetable fat in the standard formulation. Thermal analysis showed that the biosurfactant is stable for cooking cupcakes (180 °C). The biosurfactant proved to be promising for application in foods low in antioxidants and did not show cytotoxic potential in the tested cell lines. Cupcakes with biosurfactant incorporated in their dough did not show significant differences in physical and physical–chemical properties after baking when compared to the standard formulation. In this way, the biosurfactant has potential for application in the food industry as an emulsifier for flour dessert.

scholarly journals Biosurfactant production by Bacillus subtilis using corn steep liquor as culture medium

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo J. Gudiña ◽  
Elisabete C. Fernandes ◽  
Ana I. Rodrigues ◽  
José A. Teixeira ◽  
Lígia R. Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Corn Steep Liquor ◽  
Biosurfactant Production ◽  
Steep Liquor

Chemical Confirmatory Tests for Ochratoxin A, Citrinin, Penicillic Acid, Sterigmatocystin, and Zearalenone Performed Directly on Thin Layer Chromatographic Plates

1984 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1108-1110
Author(s):  
Piotr Goliński ◽  
Jadwiga Grabarkiewicz-Szczęsna
Keyword(s):  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Acetic Anhydride ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Penicillic Acid ◽  
Confirmatory Tests ◽  
Tlc Plates ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Fluorescent Compounds

Abstract Published tests have been improved and a new procedure is described for chemical confirmation of mycotoxins directly on thin layer plates. After extraction and preliminary cleanup chromatography with nhexane or chloroform, the mycotoxins ochratoxin A, citrinin, penicillic acid, sterigmatocystin, and zearalenone were easily separated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) using toluene-ethyl acetate-90% formic acid (6 + 3 + 1) developing solvent. In chemical confirmatory methods, the developed chromatogram was exposed to vapors of pyridine, acetic anhydride, or a mixture, or the mycotoxins were over-spotted. With this treatment, ochratoxin A, citrinin, penicillic acid, and zearalenone were converted to new fluorescent compounds, and observed under 365 nm light after re-chromatography with the same developing solvent. Sterigmatocystin was confirmed chemically using TLC plates impregnated with 0.6N H2S04 or 10% oxalic acid in methanol. The described procedures are satisfactory for confirming mycotoxins present in standards, artificially contaminated grain samples (barley, corn, oat, rye, and wheat), and extracts from both fungal cultures and naturally contaminated grain samples.

Hydrogen production by dark fermentation using a new low-cost culture medium composed of corn steep liquor and cassava processing water: Process optimization and scale-up

2021 ◽  
Vol 320 ◽  
pp. 124370
Author(s):  
Walter José Martinez-Burgos ◽  
Eduardo Bittencourt Sydney ◽  
Dieggo Rodrigues de Paula ◽  
Adriane Bianchi Pedroni Medeiros ◽  
Júlio Cesar de Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Process Optimization ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Corn Steep Liquor ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Dark Fermentation ◽  
Processing Water ◽  
Steep Liquor

Ovine ill-thrift in Nova Scotia. 5. The production and toxicology of chetomin, a metabolite of Chaetomium spp.

1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 1129-1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brewer ◽  
J. M. Duncan ◽  
W. A. Jerram ◽  
C. K. Leach ◽  
S. Safe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Corn Steep Liquor ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Single Spore ◽  
Intraperitoneal Dose ◽  
Steep Liquor ◽  
Oral Doses

Chetomin is a metabolite of Chaetomium cochliodes and C. globosum. It is produced by C. cochliodes on a denned medium and the yield is increased about 50-fold by the addition of corn steep liquor to the culture medium. Five single spore isolates of C. cochliodes (HLX 440) all produced chetomin and one of them produced appreciable quantities of a metabolite related to chetomin but having a S:N ratio of 1:1. Previous reports of the antibacterial activity of chetomin were confirmed and the antibiotic was shown, in addition, to inhibit the mycelial growth of some fungi. At 0.02 μg/ml, it inhibited protein synthesis in cultures of HeLa cells. Its oral LD50 in rats was 75 mg/kg, and in turkeys, 30 mg/kg. No pathological changes were observed in lambs dosed orally at 30 mg/kg but a single intraperitoneal dose of chetomin at 5 mg/kg resulted in the death of half the animals treated. Sublethal oral doses in all the animal species mentioned resulted in loss of body weight.

scholarly journals Recovery of Bacillus sphaericus spores by flocculation/sedimentation and flotation

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (spe) ◽  
pp. 61-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Lamenha Luna ◽  
Carlos Edison Lopes ◽  
Giulio Massarani
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Corn Steep Liquor ◽  
Bacillus Sphaericus ◽  
High Recovery ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Flotation Cell ◽  
Skimmed Milk ◽  
Cationic Collector ◽  
Steep Liquor

The aim of this work was use flocculation/sedimentation and flotation for recovery of spores of the Bacillus sphaericus. Microorganism was produced batchwise using culture medium based skimmed milk, corn steep liquor and mineral salts. The best results of flocculation were obtained using CaCl2.2H2O, FeCl3.6H2O, Al2(SO4)3 and tannin as flocculating agents, with optimal flocculation concentrations of 1,500, 3,000, 2,000 and 1,700ppm, respectively. Flocculent suspensions were characterized based on floc diameter and density. Settling tests were performed in batch at different concentrations of the cellular suspensions and revealed high recovery of the solids in suspension in all cases. Flotation tests were accomplished using a mechanical agitated flotation cell and the process was favoured by the increase of the system agitation and for the presence of a cationic collector.

Screening Method for the Detection of Aflatoxin, Ochratoxin, Zearalenone, Penicillic Acid, and Citrinin

1976 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M Wilson ◽  
William H Tabor ◽  
Mary W Trucksess
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Official Method ◽  
Penicillic Acid ◽  
Initial Extraction

Abstract A modification of the official method for ochratoxins and a screening method for zearalenone, aflatoxin, and ochratoxin is described and expanded to include citrinin and penicillic acid. The method uses 0.5N phosphoric acid-chloroform (1+10) in the initial extraction; the extract is divided and eluted from 2 columns to provide a quantitative thin layer chromatographic (TLC) method for aflatoxin and ochratoxin in com and dried beans. Aflatoxin and zearalenone are eluted from one column and ochratoxin, penicillic acid, and citrinin from the other. Ochratoxin A recoveries are low (50%) in peanuts. Zearalenone, penicillic acid, and citrinin were qualitatively recovered from com and beans; zearalenone and penicillic acid were recovered from peanuts but citrinin was not. Several TLC solvents were used to separate interferences.

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