Semiquantitative estimation of the mycotoxins citrinin, Ochratoxin A, Aflatoxin M1 and penicillic acid on thin-layer chromatograms with a grey scale

1978 ◽  
Vol 293 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Reiß
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Penicillic Acid ◽  
Grey Scale

A SCREENING MEDIUM AND METHOD TO DETECT SEVERAL MYCOTOXINS IN MOLD CULTURES1

1974 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. Bullerman
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Corn Steep Liquor ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Penicillic Acid ◽  
Mycotoxin Production ◽  
Single Culture ◽  
Steep Liquor ◽  
Rice Powder

A single culture medium consisting of rice powder (5%), corn steep liquor (4%), and agar (2%) was tested as a substrate for mycotoxin production using 34 known toxinogenic mold strains. Aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, sterigmatocystin, penicillic acid, patulin, citrinin, and zearalenone were each detectable in 4 days of incubation at 25 C using this medium. Extraction of melted agar cultures, in screw cap test tubes, with hot chloroform (55 C) followed by cooling to resolidify the agar greatly facilitated and simplified the extraction process and eliminated the need for separatory funnels. Mycotoxins were detected by treating developed thin-layer chromatographic plates with ammonia fumes, p-anisaldehyde, and phenylhydrazine and then viewing the chromatoplates under ultraviolet and white lights.

Chemical Confirmatory Tests for Ochratoxin A, Citrinin, Penicillic Acid, Sterigmatocystin, and Zearalenone Performed Directly on Thin Layer Chromatographic Plates

1984 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1108-1110
Author(s):  
Piotr Goliński ◽  
Jadwiga Grabarkiewicz-Szczęsna
Keyword(s):  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Acetic Anhydride ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Penicillic Acid ◽  
Confirmatory Tests ◽  
Tlc Plates ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Fluorescent Compounds

Abstract Published tests have been improved and a new procedure is described for chemical confirmation of mycotoxins directly on thin layer plates. After extraction and preliminary cleanup chromatography with nhexane or chloroform, the mycotoxins ochratoxin A, citrinin, penicillic acid, sterigmatocystin, and zearalenone were easily separated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) using toluene-ethyl acetate-90% formic acid (6 + 3 + 1) developing solvent. In chemical confirmatory methods, the developed chromatogram was exposed to vapors of pyridine, acetic anhydride, or a mixture, or the mycotoxins were over-spotted. With this treatment, ochratoxin A, citrinin, penicillic acid, and zearalenone were converted to new fluorescent compounds, and observed under 365 nm light after re-chromatography with the same developing solvent. Sterigmatocystin was confirmed chemically using TLC plates impregnated with 0.6N H2S04 or 10% oxalic acid in methanol. The described procedures are satisfactory for confirming mycotoxins present in standards, artificially contaminated grain samples (barley, corn, oat, rye, and wheat), and extracts from both fungal cultures and naturally contaminated grain samples.

Screening Method for the Detection of Aflatoxin, Ochratoxin, Zearalenone, Penicillic Acid, and Citrinin

1976 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M Wilson ◽  
William H Tabor ◽  
Mary W Trucksess
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Official Method ◽  
Penicillic Acid ◽  
Initial Extraction

Abstract A modification of the official method for ochratoxins and a screening method for zearalenone, aflatoxin, and ochratoxin is described and expanded to include citrinin and penicillic acid. The method uses 0.5N phosphoric acid-chloroform (1+10) in the initial extraction; the extract is divided and eluted from 2 columns to provide a quantitative thin layer chromatographic (TLC) method for aflatoxin and ochratoxin in com and dried beans. Aflatoxin and zearalenone are eluted from one column and ochratoxin, penicillic acid, and citrinin from the other. Ochratoxin A recoveries are low (50%) in peanuts. Zearalenone, penicillic acid, and citrinin were qualitatively recovered from com and beans; zearalenone and penicillic acid were recovered from peanuts but citrinin was not. Several TLC solvents were used to separate interferences.

Metabolomics analysis underlay mechanisms in the renal impairment of mice caused by combination of aflatoxin M1 and ochratoxin A

Toxicology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 152835
Author(s):  
Ziwei Wang ◽  
Yanan Gao ◽  
Xin Huang ◽  
Shengnan Huang ◽  
Xue Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Impairment ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Metabolomics Analysis

Bioproduction of ochratoxin A and penicillic acid by members of the Aspergillus ochraceus group

1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 631-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Ciegler
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Liquid Media ◽  
Penicillic Acid ◽  
Group A ◽  
Fluorescent Derivatives

Various strains of species belonging to the Aspergillus ochraceus group (A. ochraceus, A. sclerotiorum, A. alliaceus, A. ostianus, A. melleus, and A. sulphureus) can produce two mycotoxins, ochratoxin A and penicillic acid, on liquid media and in cereal grains. The quantity of each toxin produced is influenced by temperature; low temperature (10 and 20C) favor penicillic acid synthesis and higher (28C), ochratoxin A production. Generally penicillic acid is produced in yields about one to three magnitudes greater than ochratoxin A. A simple fluorodensitometric method for concomitant quantitative analysis of the two toxins has been developed based on conversion of penicillic acid and ochratoxin A to fluorescent derivatives by treatment with ammonia fumes.

scholarly journals Aflatoxin M1 and ochratoxin A levels in breast milk in Ankara, Turkey (1017.8)

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Banugül Barut Uyar ◽  
Nilgün Karaağaoğlu ◽  
Gözde Girgin ◽  
Aylin Gürbay ◽  
Ergun Karaağaoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Aflatoxin M1

Determination of mean daily intakes of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin M1, ochratoxin A, trichothecenes and fumonisins in 24-hour diets of children in the Netherlands

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Bakker ◽  
E. Sizoo ◽  
A. Jekel ◽  
D.P. Pereboom-de Fauw ◽  
R. Schothorst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Diet Study ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Aflatoxin B

In 2006, a duplicate diet study of children's food was carried out in the Netherlands. Parents or guardians of 123 children collected duplicates of the 24-hour diets. Levels of aflatoxin M1, aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, trichothecenes and fumonisins were determined. Aflatoxin M1 was detectable in 10% of the samples, with all toxin levels below the limit of quantification. Aflatoxin B1 could be detected in 80% of the samples, while in 47% of all samples aflatoxin B1 was quantifiable. Ochratoxin A could be quantified in all samples. Deoxynivalenol was quantified in almost every sample, while T-2 and HT-2 toxins could only be quantified in 3.2% and 6.4% of the samples respectively. 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol was detected in 1.6% of the samples. Fumonisin B1 was detected in 28% of the samples and fumonisin B2 in a quarter of merely those samples where fumonisin B1 was detected. In 20% of the samples fumonisin B1 could be quantified and in a quarter of those samples fumonisin B2 could be quantified too. The analytical results were used to estimate levels of daily intake. Only the mean daily intake levels for aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol and fumonisins B1 and B2 could reliably be estimated. The values were 0.1, 4.1, 291 and 28 ng/kg bw/day respectively, all are well below the corresponding tolerable daily intakes. For aflatoxin B1 a tolerable intake does not exist, but the intake value for this mycotoxin was very low if compared to the value that would result from the intake of food, if it was contaminated with aflatoxin B1 at the EU regulatory limit, specified for baby food. The mean daily intakes of the mycotoxins determined in children's food in the Netherlands are low and implicate that there is no health risk for children due to exposure from the studied mycotoxins.

A Microbiological Assay for Penicillic Acid1

1978 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 432-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. OLIVIGNI ◽  
L. B. BULLERMAN
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Spore Suspension ◽  
Liquid Media ◽  
Penicillic Acid ◽  
Bioassay Method ◽  
Quantitative Bioassay

Six bactertial cultures were studied in a search for an organism sensitive to penicillic acid suitable for use in a quantitative bioassay of this mycotoxin. A vegetative culture and a commercially prepared spore suspension of Bacillus subtilis were both sensitive to as little as 1 μg of penicillic acid and exhibited a linear relationship between 1 and 100 μg. The bioassay method was comparable in accuracy to thin layer chromatographic assay. The procedure was used to verify the biological activity of sample extracts, as well as to quantitate penicillic acid concentration in samples of liquid media and corn. The bioassay is sensitive, rapid (15–17 h), simple and inexpensive.

An assessment of the occurrence and nutritional factors associated with aflatoxin M1, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone in the breast milk of nursing mothers in Hamadan, Iran

Toxicon ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 187 ◽  
pp. 209-213
Author(s):  
Fateme Samiee ◽  
Ava Kharazi ◽  
Jomana Elaridi ◽  
Masoumeh Taravati Javad ◽  
Mostafa Leili
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Nursing Mothers

Immunoassays for Analysis of Mycotoxins

1984 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 562-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
FUN SUN CHU
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Protein Conjugates ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Past

During the past few years, several laboratories have prepared specific antibodies against aflatoxins B1, M1, B2a and Q1, ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone. These antibodies were obtained from rabbits after immunizing with various mycotoxin-protein conjugates. With the availability of these antibodies, specific, simple and sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedures for monitoring mycotoxins and their metabolites in foods, feeds and body fluids have been developed. In this review, details are presented for the preparation of antibodies and the application of RIA and ELISA to determine aflatoxins B1 and M1, ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin in corn, peanuts, milk and other biological fluids. The sensitivity of ELISA for analysis of these mycotoxins in foods varied from 0.1 μg/L for aflatoxin M1 in milk to 5 μg/kg of aflatoxin B1 in peanuts. The advantages and disadvantages of ELISA for monitoring mycotoxins in foods and feeds are discussed. In addition, a description of recent progress on simplified clean-up procedures which may increase the sensitivity of immunoassays is presented.

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