Thermal Resistance of Paralytic Shellfish Poison in Soft-Shell Clams

1985 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 659-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. GILL ◽  
J. W. THOMPSON ◽  
S. GOULD
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poison ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Soft Shell ◽  
Bioassay Procedure ◽  
Bioassay Data ◽  
Incubation Temperatures ◽  
Kinetics Of

Toxic soft-shell clams (Mya arenaria) were collected and the meats homogenized and tested for toxicity by the A.O.A.C. mouse bioassay procedure. The homogenate was incubated at temperatures ranging from 220 to 269.5°F and toxicities measured in samples heated for various time intervals. The relationships between toxicity and the time of heating were semilogarithmic for each of the six incubation temperatures. Decimal reduction times were calculated for each heat treatment and were plotted (log scale) against heating temperature. The thermal-destruction-time (TDT) curve was linear (r2 = 0.97), indicating that the kinetics of paralytic shellfish poison destruction are similar to those of most microorganisms. The toxin levels were also analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography for 110 samples and although results compared favorably with the bioassay data, its reliability for routine assessment of toxicity was not clearly established.

scholarly journals Detection of Paralytic Shellfish Poison by Rapid Cell Bioassay: Antagonism of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Active Toxins in vitro

2003 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 540-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald L Manger ◽  
Linda S Leja ◽  
Sue Y Lee ◽  
James M Hungerford ◽  
Mary Ann Kirkpatrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Channel ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Marine Toxins ◽  
Prolonged Incubation ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poison ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Channel Blocking ◽  
In Vitro Effects ◽  
Kinetics Of

Abstract Although cytotoxicity assays provide several advantages over mouse bioassays, sodium channel-blocking marine toxins, such as those associated with paralytic shellfish poison (PSP), require prolonged incubation periods of 24–48 h. This is in marked contrast to in vitro detection of sodium channel-enhancing marine toxins such as ciguatoxins or brevetoxins which can be accomplished in as few as 4–6 h. We developed a modified PSP cell bioassay that is as rapid as in vitro methods for sodium channel-enhancing toxins. The cell bioassay is based on a saxitoxin-dependent antagonism of the rapid in vitro effects of brevetoxin or ciguatoxin. Comparative analysis of naturally incurred PSP residues by both antagonism cell bioassay and the mouse bioassay demonstrated significant correlation. The simplicity, sensitivity, and enhanced kinetics of the new antagonism cell bioassay format provide the basis for development of a practical alternative to conventional mouse testing for PSP.

scholarly journals Effect of Calcium on the Mouse Bioassay Method for Paralytic Shellfish Poison

1991 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 402-407_1
Author(s):  
Keiko TADANO ◽  
Kazuo YASUDA ◽  
Hirofumi USHIYAMA ◽  
Taichiro NISHIMA
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poison ◽  
Bioassay Method ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish

Animal-Free Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Testing—The Canadian Perspective to Improved Health Protection

2014 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 334-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wade A Rourke ◽  
Cory J Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Official Method ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Canadian Perspective ◽  
Bioassay Procedure ◽  
Shellfish Toxin ◽  
Animal Use ◽  
Aoac Official ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Complete Story

Abstract The performance characteristics of AOAC Official Method 2011.02 (the PCOX method) asa replacement for the AOAC mouse bioassay procedure have been well defined by validation studies, but these data do not communicate the complete story. Thecontext provided by analyzing 9000 regulatory monitoring samples over 3 years demonstrates not only the reduction in animal use but also the increase in foodsafety that has been realized using a chemistry-based method. Detection of lower toxin levels provided early warning to enable directed sampling as toxin levels increased. The toxin profile information generated by a chemistry-based method was used to detect potential interferences qualitatively and can be usedto assess the impact of changes recommended to monitoring programs. Such changes might include which toxins should be included in an action limit or the toxic equivalence factors used for these toxins.

Canning Process that Diminishes Paralytic Shellfish Poison in Naturally Contaminated Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis)

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 515-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. VIEITES ◽  
L. M. BOTANA ◽  
M. R. VIEYTES ◽  
F. J. LEIRA
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Mytilus Galloprovincialis ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poison ◽  
Toxicity Reduction ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Cooking Water ◽  
Canning Industry

Changes in toxin profile and total toxicity levels of paralytic shellfish poison (PSP)-containing mussels were monitored during the standard canning process of pickled mussels and mussels in brine using mouse bioassays and high-performance liquid chromatography. Detoxification percentages for canned mussel meat exceeded 50% of initial toxicity. Total toxicity reduction did not fully correspond to toxin destruction, which was due to the loss of PSP to cooking water and packing media of the canned product. Significant differences in detoxification percentages were due to changes in toxin profile during heat treatment in packing media. Toxin conversion phenomena should be determined to validate detoxification procedures in the canning industry.

Distribution of paralytic shellfish poison among Pyrrhophyta

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Schmidt ◽  
Alfred R. Loeblich
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Red Tide ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Special Consideration ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poison ◽  
Toxic Species ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish

Using the mouse bioassay for paralytic shellfish poison (PSP), the distribution of toxicity among 23 dinoflagellate species was studied. Special consideration was given to red-tide-forming species and to those species previously implicated as causative organisms in paralytic shellfish poisoning. Among those investigated were ten marine species of the genus Gonyaulax, previously known to contain three toxic species. The presence of PSP was detected only in Gonyaulax species of the section Catenella. The amount of toxin varied in different species, ranging from 0.05 to 24 pg/cell. The amount of toxin per cell also varied with the phase of growth (exponential or stationary) in the New England red-tide species, G. tamarensis var. excavata Braarud.

scholarly journals Improved extraction method for paralytic shellfish poison to be used in mouse bioassay.

1990 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 765-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuji Nagashima ◽  
Tamao Noguchi ◽  
Toshiharu Kawabata ◽  
Kanehisa Hashimoto
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Method ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poison ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish
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