scholarly journals Study of an Educational Hand Sorting Intervention for Reducing Aflatoxin B1 in Groundnuts in Rural Gambia

2016 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
YA XU ◽  
ANDREW DOEL ◽  
SINEAD WATSON ◽  
MICHAEL N. ROUTLEDGE ◽  
CHRISTOPHER T. ELLIOTT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Educational Intervention ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Human Liver ◽  
The Gambia ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
The West ◽  
Liver Carcinogen ◽  
Hand Sorting

ABSTRACTAflatoxin, a human liver carcinogen, frequently contaminates groundnuts, maize, rice, and other grains, especially in Africa. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational intervention that involved training rural Gambian women on how to identify and remove moldy groundnuts to reduce aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination. In total, 25 women, recruited from the West Kiang region of The Gambia, were trained on how to recognize and remove moldy groundnuts. Market-purchased groundnuts were hand sorted by the women. Groundnuts were sampled at baseline (n =5), after hand sorting (“clean,” n =25 and “moldy,” n =25), and after roasting (n =5). All samples were analyzed for AFB1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A reduction of 42.9% was achieved based on the median AFB1 levels at baseline and after hand sorting (clean groundnuts), whereas an alternative estimate, based on the total AFB1 in moldy and clean groundnuts, indicated a reduction of 96.7%, with a loss of only 2% of the groundnuts. By roasting the already clean sorted groundnuts, the AFB1 reduction achieved (based on median levels) was 39.3%. This educational intervention on how to identify and remove moldy groundnuts was simple and effective in reducing AFB1 contamination.

scholarly journals Point Seroprevalence Survey of Ehrlichia ruminantium Infection in Small Ruminants in The Gambia

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 508-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonto Faburay ◽  
Susanne Munstermann ◽  
Dirk Geysen ◽  
Lesley Bell-Sakyi ◽  
Ansumana Ceesay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
The Gambia ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
The West ◽  
Ehrlichia Ruminantium ◽  
The North ◽  
North Bank ◽  
Western Division

ABSTRACT Using the MAP1-B enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we tested 1,318 serum samples collected from sheep and goats at 28 sites in the five divisions of The Gambia to determine the Ehrlichia ruminantium seroprevalence rates and to assess the risk for heartwater. About half (51.6%) of 639 sheep were positive, with seroprevalence rates per site varying between 6.9% and 100%. The highest seroprevalence was detected in the western part of the country (88.1% in the Western Division and 62.1% in the Lower River Division). Sheep in the two easterly divisions (Central River and Upper River divisions) showed the lowest seroprevalence of 29.3% and 32.4%, respectively, while those in the North Bank Division showed an intermediate prevalence of 40.6%. In goats, less than one-third (30.3%) of 679 animals tested were positive. The highest seroprevalence was detected in goats in the North Bank Division (59%) and Western Division (44.1%). Goats in the Lower River Division showed an intermediate level of 21.9%, whereas the lowest rates were found in the eastern part of the country (4.8% in the Central River Division and 2.3% in the Upper River Division). At nearly all sites, seroprevalence rates were higher in sheep than in goats. The results show a gradient of increasing heartwater risk for susceptible small ruminants from the east to the west of The Gambia. These findings need to be taken into consideration when future livestock-upgrading programs are implemented.

Simultaneous Determination of Aflatoxin B1 and Aflatoxin M1 in Food Matrices by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 767-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenxiao Jiang ◽  
Zhanhui Wang ◽  
Greta Nölke ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Lanlan Niu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simultaneous Determination ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Food Matrices

Application of ELISA to Retail Survey of Aflatoxin B1 in Peanut Butter

1986 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 792-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
BHANU P. RAM ◽  
L. PATRICK HART ◽  
RICHARD J. COLE ◽  
JAMES J. PESTKA
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Simple Procedure ◽  
Peanut Butter ◽  
Competitive Elisa ◽  
Routine Screening ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay

A simple procedure was devised for the routine screening of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in peanut butter using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Peanut butter samples (5 g) were artificially contaminated with AFB1 and extracted by blending with 25 ml of 55% methanol and 10 ml of hexane. The extract was filtered and aqueous filtrate analyzed by a direct competitive ELISA. Recovery of AFB1 added to peanut butter samples ranged from 85 to 112%, with an average inter-well coefficient of variation of 18.4%. The inter-assay coefficient of variation was 22.7%. Using this procedure, only 3 of 63 commercial samples of peanut butter had detectable levels (>5.0 μg/kg) of AFB1.

Determination of Total Aflatoxin Levels in Peanut Butter by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: Collaborative Study

1992 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan L Patey ◽  
Matthew Sharman ◽  
John Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Peanut Butter ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Aflatoxin Level ◽  
Relative Standard

Abstract Laboratories in Australia, Japan, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States participated in a collaborative study to evaluate a commercial enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of total aflatoxin. Collaborators were sent 10 randomly numbered samples (5 blind duplicates) of roasted peanut butter. Two pairs were "blank" peanut butters to which aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2 standards had been added. The other 3 pairs of peanut butters were 1 low aflatoxin level sample and 2 naturally contaminated samples. The assay is based on indirect competition. Test samples containing (free) aflatoxin, added to aflatoxin-coated microwells, compete for specific monoclonal rat anti-aflatoxin. As the concentration of aflatoxin in the test samples increases, the amount of rat antiaflatoxin binding to the aflatoxin attached to the well decreases. After a wash step to remove unbound material, the amount of rat anti-aflatoxin bound to the well is determined by its reaction with peroxidase conjugated rabbit anti-rat globulin. Bound peroxidase activity is then determined by the addition of a substrate, whose color development is inversely proportional to the aflatoxin concentration and is measured by absorbance. Coefficients of variation (CV) for total aflatoxin concentrations, for mean levels of 9,30, and 89µg/kg, were between 28 and 37% for the low level and 2 naturally contaminated samples, which contained mainly aflatoxin B1. CVs for the spiked samples were lower (24-25%) for mean levels of 11 and 20 µg/kg; recoveries were 84 and 89%, respectively. Ranges for relative standard deviations for repeatabilty and reproducibility were 9-30% and 25-37%, respectively. The method has been adopted first action by AOAC International.

scholarly journals Analysis of aflatoxin B1-human serum albumin adducts by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 (43) ◽  
pp. 43-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osamu KAWAMURA ◽  
J.-M. LIM ◽  
Hiroki OKUMURA ◽  
Sigefumi KISHIMOTO ◽  
G. CHEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Serum Albumin ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Human Serum ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay

scholarly journals A Portable, Cost-Effective and User-Friendly Instrument for Colorimetric Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Rapid Detection of Aflatoxin B1

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2483
Author(s):  
Wenzhi Tang ◽  
Yangchun Qi ◽  
Zhonghong Li
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Attractive Potential ◽  
Quantitative Detection ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
User Friendliness ◽  
Signal Light ◽  
User Friendly

Food analysis based on the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is simple, sensitive and rapid, but requires a costly colorimetric instrument. The aim of this work was to develop a portable, low-cost and user-friendly colorimetric instrument for colorimetric ELISA and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) detection. The principle of the developed instrument was employing a light-emitting diode to generate the signal light and using a light-dependent resistor to measure the signal light absorbed by the oxidized 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethyl benzidine. The absorption spectra revealed that the solution absorbed signal light more strongly after reaction with H2SO4, and blue light would be favorably absorbed. Evaluations on the stability and accuracy of the instrument and interference from ambient light showed that the fabricated instrument was stable, accurate, capable of quantitative detection and insensitive to ambient light changes. In addition, this instrument is user-friendly since it could calculate and report the final amount of AFB1 to the operator. Measurements of maize and peanuts showed that the instrument provided as accurate results as the professional equipment. With the low fabrication cost (about RMB 129 or USD 20), portability, and user-friendliness, this instrument presents attractive potential in the rapid detection of AFB1.

The Development of a Quantitative ELISA for Aflatoxin B1 in Ground Peanuts Using Antibodies Isolated From the Yolk of a Laying Hen

1994 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 1022-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUZHEN LI ◽  
RONALD R. MARQUARDT ◽  
ANDREW A. FROHLICH ◽  
HAO XIAO ◽  
JAMES R. CLARKE
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Laying Hen ◽  
Competitive Elisa ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Coating Antigen ◽  
Extraction Protocol

Antibodies directed against Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) were produced in laying hens, isolated from egg yolk and applied in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for AFB1 in ground peanuts. The ELISA sensitivity was improved by reduction of the amount of the coating antigen absorbed onto the microplate well surfaces. The main aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, M1, aflatoxicol, sterigmatocystin were found to cross-react in the competitive ELISA, 100, 25, 23, 4, 0, 0, 0%, respectively. Aflatoxin B1 could be reproducibly detected and quantified in spiked ground peanuts at levels greater than 5 ppb using a hexane and methanol solvent based peanut extraction protocol.

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