Confrontation with an a posteriori definition of marginalism

2002 ◽  
pp. 32-48
Keyword(s):  
A Posteriori ◽  
Definition Of

scholarly journals Trauma and Sacrifice in Divided Communities: The Sacralisation of the Victims of Terrorism in Spain

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Eliana Alemán ◽  
José Pérez-Agote
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
The State ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Institutional Discourse ◽  
Divided Societies ◽  
The Us ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Public Demonstrations ◽  
The Way

This work aims to show that the sacrificial status of the victims of acts of terrorism, such as the 2004 Madrid train bombings (“11-M”) and ETA (Basque Homeland and Liberty) attacks in Spain, is determined by how it is interpreted by the communities affected and the manner in which it is ritually elaborated a posteriori by society and institutionalised by the state. We also explore the way in which the sacralisation of the victim is used in socially and politically divided societies to establish the limits of the pure and the impure in defining the “Us”, which is a subject of dispute. To demonstrate this, we first describe two traumatic events of particular social and political significance (the case of Miguel Ángel Blanco and the 2004 Madrid train bombings). Secondly, we analyse different manifestations of the institutional discourse regarding victims in Spain, examining their representation in legislation, in public demonstrations by associations of victims of terrorism and in commemorative “performances” staged in Spain. We conclude that in societies such as Spain’s, where there exists a polarisation of the definition of the “Us”, the success of cultural and institutional performances oriented towards reparation of the terrorist trauma is precarious. Consequently, the validity of the post-sacrificial narrative centring on the sacred value of human life is ephemeral and thus fails to displace sacrificial narratives in which particularist definitions of the sacred Us predominate.

On the statistical detection of cycles in extinctions in the marine fossil record

Paleobiology ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Mass Extinctions ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Alternative Analysis ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
Statistical Detection ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Parameter Estimation Techniques

Periodicity has recently been reported in the extinction rates of fossil marine families since the Permian. The analysis used appears particularly sensitive to parameter estimation techniques, particularly in the definition of mass extinctions. It also fails to incorporate autocorrelation in the fossil record into its null hypothesis and rests on an inappropriate a posteriori comparison to the null hypothesis. An alternative analysis, examining the time-lags between periods of high extinction rates, produces no evidence of a cycle.

Descartes’s Philosophical Theology

2019 ◽  
pp. 208-225
Author(s):  
Igor Agostini
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Philosophical Theology ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
The Third ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
True Definition

In this chapter I argue the following thesis: 1) Descartes’s Meditations never formulate the problem of God’s existence as it is required by the precepts of order; in particular, the only problem of existence posed by Descartes after the classification of thoughts in the Third Meditation does not concern God directly, but generally aliqua res. 2) Though Descartes qualifies the two proofs of the Third Meditation as a posteriori, they cannot be considered as homologous in their structure to the traditional a posteriori proofs: they both—and the second in particular—contain components that are truly a priori. 3) The proof of the Fifth Meditation, as it starts from the true definition of God and God’s essence, does not constitute a quoadnos version of the a priori demonstration belonging to mathematics, but is, in a strict sense, a potissima demonstration that is at least as evident as those of mathematics.

John Stuart Mill's Method In Principle and Practice: A Review of the Evidence

1999 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Hollander ◽  
Sandra Peart
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
A Priori ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Actual Case ◽  
Apparent Position ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Sharp Criticism ◽  
The Relationship

Our concern is John Stuart Mill's methodological pronouncements, his actual practice, and the relationship between them. We argue that verification played a key role in Mill's method, both in principle and in practice. Our starting point is the celebrated declaration regarding verification in the essay On the Definition of Political Economy; and on the Method of Investigation Proper to It (1836/ 1967; hereafter Essay): “By the method à priori we mean … reasoning from an assumed hypothesis; which … is the essence of all science which admits of general reasoning at all. To verify the hypothesis itself à posteriori, that is, to examine whether the facts of any actual case are in accordance with it, is no part of the business of science at all, but of the application of science” (Mill 1836/1967, p. 325). The apparent position that the basic economic theory is impervious to predictive failure emerges also in a sharp criticism of the à posteriori method:

scholarly journals The Issue of the Definition of “Sound Recording” in the Slovak and Czech Legislation

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norbert Adamov
Keyword(s):  
Musical Instruments ◽  
The Other ◽  
Technical Development ◽  
Technical Equipment ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Sound Recording ◽  
Sound Recordings ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Audio Information

Abstract Sound recording a posteriori Slovak as well as Czech legislation represents the unity of the recorded information and the medium in which the information is stored. However, the medium of audio information can take various forms. This diversity is on the one hand determined by the technical development and on the other hand by the fact that the term “sound recording” can be interpreted broadly, which means that under the term “sound recordings” need not be understood only carriers of audio information that are directly reproducible by means of a technical equipment intended for sound reproduction but even such objects which are already technically outdated (e.g. musicboxes or automatic musical instruments) or that are relatively new but specific or rare (e.g. music roads). Therefore in some case unclear or imprecise definition of “sound recording” may lead to doubt whether a particular object ought to be protected as a sound recording or not.

Some Reflections of Borrowing in Acousmatic Music

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (02) ◽  
pp. 195-204
Author(s):  
Franco Degrassi
Keyword(s):  
General Definition ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Musical Borrowing ◽  
Acousmatic Music ◽  
Definition Of

This article begins with an outline of the Manovich general definition of borrowing followed by an introduction to the theme of borrowing in music, particularly within the context of acousmatic music. Two scenarios proposed by Navas in his taxonomy of borrowing are used to further the discussion in relation to material sampling and cultural citation. With reference to material sampling, some examples of remix, appropriation and quoting/sampling taking place within acousmatic music are highlighted. With regards to cultural citation, two levels of reference will be considered: cultural citation from sound arts, that is, intertextuality, and cultural citation from other media, that is, intermediality. The article closes with some reflections a posteriori about my own composition, Variation of Evan Parker’s Saxophone Solos, and how this relates to wider notions of musical borrowing.

scholarly journals A Partial Information Decomposition Based on Causal Tensors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Sigtermans
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Information ◽  
Partial Information ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Exact Expression ◽  
Transfer Entropy ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Source Data ◽  
Data Processing Inequality ◽  
Indirect Association ◽  
Definition Of

We propose a partial information decomposition based on the newly introduced framework of causal tensors, i.e., multilinear stochastic maps that transform source data into destination data. The innovation that causal tensors introduce is that the framework allows for an exact expression of an indirect association in terms of the constituting, direct associations. This is not possible when expressing associations only in measures like mutual information or transfer entropy. Instead of a priori expressing associations in terms of mutual information or transfer entropy, the a posteriori expression of associations in these terms results in an intuitive definition of a nonnegative and left monotonic redundancy. The proposed redundancy satisfies the three axioms introduced by William and Beer. The symmetry and self-redundancy axioms follow directly from our definition. The data processing inequality ensures that the monotonicity axiom is satisfied. Because causal tensors can be used to describe both mutual information as transfer entropy, the partial information decomposition applies to both measures. Results show that the decomposition closely resembles the decomposition of other another approach that expresses associations in terms of mutual information a posteriori.

scholarly journals A simulation is worth a thousand worlds - Importance sampling Monte Carlo applied to COVID-19 contingency

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Rapuzzi ◽  
Tomaso Vairo
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Programming System ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Assessment Framework ◽  
Protective Actions ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Current Events ◽  
Individual Protection ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract COVID-19 outbreak has become a global pandemic that affected more than 200 countries worldwide. Predicting the behavior of this outbreak has a crucial role in organizing preventive and protective actions, and in improving the decision making process.The aim of predicting the number of people who contract the virus has so far been pursued with regression models (exponential, logistics, ...), but regressions can integrate the variable context only a posteriori. The regression models are all dependent on their own history, thus, they can not display anything which did not happen before.The pandemic infection of COVID-19 presents a transmission behavior that is widely changing over time. This is due to the growth of the efficiency in the detection of infected, for the changes in social distancing measures and for the widespread use of individual protection devices.The approach presented in this paper, starting from the definition of simplified risk assessment framework, aims at designing a probabilistic model for the virus transmission and detection, keeping into account this context changes, binding the correct set of variables to them, and at inferring the distribution for the underlying stochastic variables. This is a key to unlock innovative and valuable insights from the current events. The model has been built in Gen, a probabilistic programming system, built at MIT and embedded in Julia.

scholarly journals A Partial Information Decomposition Based on Causal Tensors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Sigtermans
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Information ◽  
Partial Information ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Exact Expression ◽  
Transfer Entropy ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Source Data ◽  
Data Processing Inequality ◽  
Indirect Association ◽  
Definition Of

We propose a partial information decomposition based on the newly introduced framework of causal tensors, i.e., multilinear stochastic maps that transform source data into destination data. The innovation that causal tensors introduce is that the framework allows for an exact expression of an indirect association in terms of the constituting, direct associations. This is not possible when expressing associations only in measures like mutual information or transfer entropy. Instead of a priori expressing associations in terms of mutual information or transfer entropy, the a posteriori expression of associations in these terms results in an intuitive definition of a nonnegative and left monotonic redundancy, which also meets the identity property. Our proposed redundancy satisfies the three axioms introduced by Williams and Beer. Symmetry and self-redundancy axioms follow directly from our definition. The data processing inequality ensures that the monotonicity axiom is satisfied. Because causal tensors can describe both mutual information as transfer entropy, the partial information decomposition applies to both measures. Results show that the decomposition closely resembles the decomposition of other another approach that expresses associations in terms of mutual information a posteriori. A negative synergistic term could indicate that there is an unobserved common cause.

A GA Based Configuration Design Optimization Method

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre M. Grignon ◽  
Georges M. Fadel
Keyword(s):  
Design Optimization ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
System Level ◽  
Configuration Design ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Mechanical Assemblies ◽  
Sharp Edges ◽  
Component Shape ◽  
Definition Of

This work presents a methodology for optimizing multiple system level assembly characteristics of complex mechanical assemblies by placement of their components. It addresses any component shape (including nonconvex, hollow, sharp edges) connected together by functional constraints. This method presents the designer with multiple solutions to the engineering configuration design problem (ECDP) using a Pareto Genetic Algorithm working on a population of sets instead of a population of individual points and thus results in a more informed a posteriori decision on the tradeoff issues between the various objectives. This paper addresses the definition of the assembly components and their relationships (ECDP), the definition of the configuration design optimization method (CDOM), and shows the application of the CDOM to one academic and two engineering test cases.

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