Assessing net benefits: site level

2013 ◽  
pp. 289-306
Keyword(s):  
Net Benefits

On Measuring the Social Opportunity Cost of Labour in the Presence of Tariffs and an Informal Sector (The Distinguishedl Lecture)

1992 ◽  
Vol 31 (4I) ◽  
pp. 535-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ali Khan
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Open Letter ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Action Project ◽  
Relevant Group ◽  
Net Benefits ◽  
The Individual

Harberger introduced his influential 1971 essay with the following words. This paper is intended not as a scientific study, nor as a review of the literature, but rather as a tract - an open letter to the profession, as it were - pleading that three basic postulates be accepted as providing a conventional framework for applied welfare economics. The postulates are: (a) The competitive demand price for a given unit measures the value of that unit to the demander; (b) The competitive supply price for a given unit measures the value of that unit to the supplier; and (c) When evaluating the net benefits or costs of a given action (project, programme, or policy), the costs and benefits accruing to each member of the relevant group (e.g., a nation) should normally be added without regard to the individual(s) to whom they accrue.

Prognostic nomogram to predict overall survival for patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: A population-based study of SEER database (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chendong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Staging System ◽  
Tnm Staging ◽  
Survival Outcome ◽  
Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma ◽  
Cox Regression Analysis ◽  
Calibration Curves ◽  
Tnm Staging System ◽  
Net Benefits

BACKGROUND Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA) is a highly aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis. Accurate prediction is of great significance for patients’ survival outcome. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to propose a prognostic nomogram for predicting the overall survival (OS) for patients with pCCA. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis in a total of 940 patients enrolled from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program and developed a nomogram based on the prognostic factors identified from the cox regression analysis. Concordance index (C-index), risk group stratification and calibration curves were adopted to test the discrimination and calibration ability of the nomogram with bootstrap method. Decision curves were also plotted to evaluate net benefits in clinical use against TNM staging system. RESULTS On the basis of multivariate analysis, five independent prognostic factors including age, summary stage, surgery, chemotherapy, together with radiation were selected and entered into the nomogram model. The C-index of the model was significantly higher than TNM system in the training set (0.703 vs 0.572, P<0.001), which was also proved in the validation set (0.718 vs 0.588, P<0.001). The calibration curves for 1-, 2-, and 3-year OS probabilities exhibited good agreements between the nomogram-predicted and the actual observation. Decision curves displayed that the nomogram obtained more net benefits than TNM staging system in clinical context. The OS curves of two distinct risk groups stratified by nomogram-predicted survival outcome illustrated statistical difference. CONCLUSIONS We established and validated an easy-to-use prognostic nomogram, which can provide more accurate individualized prediction and assistance in decision making for pCCA patients.

Accounting for the Distribution of Benefits and Costs in Benefit–Cost Analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
James K. Hammitt
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Policy Choice ◽  
Alternative Evaluation ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
Transfer Programs ◽  
Net Benefits ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Benefits And Costs

Abstract Benefit–cost analysis (BCA) is often viewed as measuring the efficiency of a policy independent of the distribution of its consequences. The role of distributional effects on policy choice is disputed; either: (a) the policy that maximizes net benefits should be selected and distributional concerns should be addressed through other measures, such as tax and transfer programs or (b) BCA should be supplemented with distributional analysis and decision-makers should weigh efficiency and distribution in policy choice. The separation of efficiency and distribution is misleading. The measure of efficiency depends on the numéraire chosen for the analysis, whether monetary values or some other good (unless individuals have the same rates of substitution between them). The choice of numéraire is not neutral; it can affect the ranking of policies by calculated net benefits. Alternative evaluation methods, such as BCA using a different numéraire, weighted BCA, or a social welfare function (SWF), may better integrate concerns about distribution and efficiency. The most appropriate numéraire, distributional weights, or SWFs cannot be measured or statistically estimated; it is a normative choice.

scholarly journals Human Subjects Requirements and Economic Education Researchers

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane S. Lopus ◽  
Paul W. Grimes ◽  
William E. Becker ◽  
Rodney A. Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Economic Education ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Federal Regulations ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Human Subjects Research ◽  
Web Based ◽  
American Universities ◽  
Net Benefits ◽  
Low Levels

This paper presents the results of a web-based survey of economic educators who were asked about their knowledge and experience with human subjects research and the mandated federal protocols that govern such research at most American universities. The results indicate that while economic education researchers are experienced in conducting human subjects research and are aware of the federal regulations, they are not well informed about key details of the regulations. They are skeptical of the net benefits of the mandated protocols because of the perceived discouraging burdens of the paperwork that rarely result in significant modifications of their research projects. The authors conclude that recent calls for modifications to the federal regulations for classroom-based research projects may be justified given the opportunity costs of adhering to the regulations compared to the relatively low levels of perceived benefits.

Costs of intraspecific and interspecific host sharing in acanthocephalan cystacanths

Parasitology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. DEZFULI ◽  
L. GIARI ◽  
R. POULIN
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Definitive Host ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Competitive Interactions ◽  
Host Size ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Transmission Success ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Net Benefits

Larval helminths often share individual intermediate hosts with other larval worms of the same or different species. In the case of immature acanthocephalans capable of altering the phenotype of their intermediate hosts, the benefits or costs of host sharing can be evaluated in terms of increased or decreased probability of transmission to a suitable definitive host. Competitive interactions among the immature stages of acanthocephalans within the intermediate host could create additional costs of host sharing, however. The effects of intraspecific and interspecific interactions were measured in 3 sympatric species of acanthocephalans exploiting a population of the amphipod Echinogammarus stammeri in the River Brenta, Italy. The strength of interactions was assessed from differences in the size achieved by infective cystacanths in the intermediate host. The size of Pomphorhynchus laevis cystacanths was not correlated with host size, whereas the size of Acanthocephalus clavula and Polymorphus minutus cystacanths increased with host size. Reductions in cystacanth size caused by intraspecific competition were only detected in P. laevis, but may also occur in both A. clavula and P. minutus. When co-occurring in the same amphipod with cystacanths of A. clavula, cystacanths of P. laevis attained a smaller size than when they occurred on their own. This effect was not reciprocal, with the size of A. clavula cystacanths not being affected. This supports earlier suggestions that it is adaptive for A. clavula to associate with P. laevis in amphipod intermediate hosts, with both species going to the same fish definitive hosts. In contrast, cystacanths of P. laevis achieved their largest size when they co-occurred in an amphipod with a cystacanth of P. minutus, which has a different definitive host (i.e. birds). These findings suggest that the net benefits of sharing an intermediate host can only be estimated by taking into account both the effects on transmission success and the consequences for cystacanth development.

Measuring the Value of Softwood Log Exports: Evidence from Oregon

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Rossi ◽  
Jun Zhai ◽  
Olli-Pekka Kuusela
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Export Markets ◽  
Economic Surplus ◽  
Employment Effects ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Partial Equilibrium Model ◽  
Net Benefits ◽  
Export Competition ◽  
Additional Losses

Abstract Oregon softwood log exports experienced a resurgence during years after the Great Recession. Using an empirically grounded partial equilibrium model, the purpose of this study is to assess the net effects of log exports on total economic surplus by measuring the effects of a hypothetical absence of export markets from 2010:Q1 to 2015:Q4. Based on our modeling results, the net economic losses would have amounted to $248 million during the study period in total. Oregon mills would have gained $1.66 billion in total, whereas landowners would have lost $1.91 billion in total had there not been export markets. Furthermore, additional losses would have occurred from the forgone export premium. Our modeling results suggest that harvests would have been 1.97 billion board feet lower in the absence of export markets. However, Oregon mills would have used an additional 3.0 billion board feet. We also provide estimates for potential employment effects. Study Implications The purpose of our study is to compute how much Oregon mills would have gained from the absence of export competition during the six years after the Great Recession and how much landowners would have lost if they did not have the opportunity to export softwood logs. We also assess how many additional jobs domestic mills would have sustained and how many jobs would have disappeared from logging and transportation activities if exports were absent. Our results inform policymakers and stakeholders about the net benefits of softwood log exports in Oregon, as well as about the distributional consequences of exports.

Analyzing competing land use policy objectives under climate change – a regional case study from Austria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin Karner ◽  
Hermine Mitter ◽  
Erwin Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Climate Scenario ◽  
Groundwater Extraction ◽  
Climate Scenarios ◽  
Abandoned Land ◽  
Policy Objectives ◽  
Net Benefits

&lt;p&gt;In the semi-arid Seewinkel region in Austria, competing demands exist for land and water such as from agriculture, nature protection, tourism and settlements. In addition, water quality problems are prevalent due to nitrate leaching in groundwater in the region. Climate change likely will amplify existing resource demands and environmental impacts, imposing considerable challenges for adapting and regulating agriculture in the Seewinkel. Hence, compromises between competing policy objectives are needed. &lt;br&gt;The aim of this presentation is to assess efficient land and water management strategies considering several economic and agro-ecological policy objectives in the Seewinkel region in context of climate scenarios. A multi-objective optimization experiment was performed with an integrated modelling framework to compute agro-economic-ecological Pareto frontiers. The frontiers combine levels of (i) net benefits from agricultural production, (ii) groundwater extraction for agricultural irrigation, (iii) nitrate leaching from agricultural production, and (iv) topsoil organic carbon stocks. 30 stochastic realizations of three climate scenarios are considered for a future period of 31 years: WET, SIMILAR and DRY, which mainly differ regarding annual precipitation volumes. &lt;br&gt;Model results show that a 1% (20%) reduction of agricultural net benefits can lower groundwater extraction by 11-83% (61-100%) and nitrate leaching by 18-19% (49-53%) as well as increase topsoil organic carbon sequestration by 1% (5%) depending on the climate scenario. However, substantial changes in land use and management would be required. For instance, less groundwater extraction by 11-83% requires a 6-21% reduction of irrigated cropland, a 21-33% reduction of highly fertilized cropland, a 10-24% increase of grassland, and a 23-52% increase of abandoned land depending on the climate scenario. Less nitrate leaching by 18-19% (or higher topsoil organic carbon stocks by 1%) require that highly fertilized cropland decreases by 9-13% (4-7%), abandoned land increases by 5-9% (19-49%) and grassland either declines by 3% (14%) or increases by up to 5% (32%) depending on the climate scenario. In general, the share of grassland increases in the wetter climate scenario.&lt;br&gt;Overall, the analysis reveals that especially groundwater extraction and nitrate leaching can be reduced substantially for fairly small reduction in agricultural net benefits in all climate scenarios. 50% of maximum modelled improvements of agro-ecological objectives can be already achieved at 1-15% reductions of agricultural net benefit depending on climate scenarios. Thus, respective land use policies would allow considerable improvements of the agro-ecological performance at relatively low costs. However, improving the agro-ecological performance beyond a particular level can quickly lead to high reductions of agricultural net benefits, as depicted by the non-linear form of the Pareto frontiers. This is mainly related to large declines of cropland and increases in grassland or abandoned land. Furthermore, the results indicate that water management policies are less costly than climate change mitigation policies, at least in the Seewinkel region.&lt;/p&gt;

Net Benefits (NB) and Net Savings (NS)

1990 ◽  
pp. 34-47
Author(s):  
Rosalie T. Ruegg ◽  
Harold E. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Net Benefits
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