Kronecker, Leopold (1823–91)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Majer
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Set Theory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Academic Institution ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Foundations Of Mathematics ◽  
Epistemological Perspective ◽  
Classical Mathematics ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Leopold Kronecker was one of the most influential German mathematicians of the late nineteenth century. He exercised a strong sociopolitical influence on the development of mathematics as an academic institution. From a philosophical point of view, his main significance lies in his anticipation of a new and rigorous epistemological perspective with regard to the foundations of mathematics: Kronecker became the father of intuitionism or constructivism, which stands in strict opposition to the methods of classical mathematics and their canonization by set theory.

A Geography of Medical Knowledge: Country Doctors in Elizabeth Stuart Phelps and Sarah Orne Jewett

2010 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 691-708
Author(s):  
MARK STOREY
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Elizabeth Stuart Phelps ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Literary Representations ◽  
Sarah Orne Jewett ◽  
The Social ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Nineteenth Century Novels

This essay examines two of the best-known postbellum representations of country doctors, Elizabeth Stuart Phelps's Doctor Zay (1882) and Sarah Orne Jewett's A Country Doctor (1884). While they have often been considered from a feminist point of view, this essay seeks both to complement and to argue against these existing readings by bringing a specifically geo-medical framework to bear on the texts. I consider both the thematic and the generic implications of representing country doctors in the postbellum era, exploring how they reflect, refract and encode the state of medical knowledge in postbellum America. I argue that literary representations of country doctors can contribute to an understanding of postbellum medical modernization by decentring it – by, in a sense, allowing us to comprehend the course of modern medical knowledge from a place usually assumed to remain outside modernity's transformations. Whilst I do, therefore, approach both these novels from a loosely new historicist perspective, I also want to think about how the social context they were engaging with determined, constrained and embedded itself into the thematic, formal and generic makeup of the novels themselves. Ultimately, this essay not only offers fresh readings of two important late nineteenth-century novels, but makes an intervention within the wider debates about nineteenth-century medical history and geography.

Category theory, applications to the foundations of mathematics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin McLarty
Keyword(s):  
Set Theory ◽  
Category Theory ◽  
Classical Logic ◽  
Elementary Theory ◽  
Mathematical Structure ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Foundations Of Mathematics ◽  
Logical Foundations ◽  
Classical Mathematics ◽  
The 1960S

Since the 1960s Lawvere has distinguished two senses of the foundations of mathematics. Logical foundations use formal axioms to organize the subject. The other sense aims to survey ‘what is universal in mathematics’. The ontology of mathematics is a third, related issue. Moderately categorical foundations use sets as axiomatized by the elementary theory of the category of sets (ETCS) rather than Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZF). This claims to make set theory conceptually more like the rest of mathematics than ZF is. And it suggests that sets are not ‘made of’ anything determinate; they only have determinate functional relations to one another. The ZF and ETCS axioms both support classical mathematics. Other categories have also been offered as logical foundations. The ‘category of categories’ takes categories and functors as fundamental. The ‘free topos’ (see Lambek and Couture 1991) stresses provability. These and others are certainly formally adequate. The question is how far they illuminate the most universal aspects of current mathematics. Radically categorical foundations say mathematics has no one starting point; each mathematical structure exists in its own right and can be described intrinsically. The most flexible way to do this to date is categorically. From this point of view various structures have their own logic. Sets have classical logic, or rather the topos Set has classical logic. But differential manifolds, for instance, fit neatly into a topos Spaces with nonclassical logic. This view urges a broader practice of mathematics than classical. This article assumes knowledge of category theory on the level of Category theory, introduction to §1.

Ethiopian Source Material and Colonial Rule in the Nineteenth Century: The Letter to Menilek (1899) By Blatta Gäbrä Egzi'abehēr

1994 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irma Taddia
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Despite his important political and literary activities, Blatta Gäbrä Egzi'-abehēr is almost unknown to scholars of Menilek's Ethiopia. This historical period is not particularly well researched, and the author stands out as one of the few Ethiopian intellectuals to have written such an important number of literary works focused on nationalistic and anti-Italian feelings. The Amharic/Ge'ez text under discussion, his letter to Menilek written in 1899, is a remarkable document from this point of view because it reveals a strong opposition to colonialism and the Italian occupation of Eritrea. This document is one of the first Ethiopian sources to testify to the growing nationalism and the growth of concepts of unity and independence. It allows us to consider more carefully the beginning of an Ethiopian secular ideology of the modern state. And such an ideology must be placed in the colonial context. The letter to Menilek raises some important questions regarding the new source material in the late nineteenth century available to historians of modern Ethiopia. A translation of the text is given as well as a comment on its historical significance.

The Role of the Karguzar in the Foreign Relations of State and Society of Iran from the mid-nineteenth century to 1921 Part III: The Karguzar and Disputes over Foreign Trade

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morteza Nouraei ◽  
Vanessa Martin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Foreign Presence ◽  
Late Nineteenth

AbstractContinuing our theme of looking at foreign relations between Iran and Britain from the point of view of the popular level through the role of the karguzar (the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Agent), this article will consider cases concerning foreign trade and disputes over property. It will examine the popular response to the growth of the foreign presence through expansion of foreign trade and the way Iranians handled their situation in a system that was dominated by Europeans. As trade grew in the late nineteenth century, so did the number and workload of karguzars.

scholarly journals Verskyningsvorme van estetisisme en dekadensie in Sy kom met die sekelmaan en Kaapse rekwisiete

Literator ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-66
Author(s):  
M. Grobbelaar
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Self ◽  
Female Character ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Heterosexual Relationships ◽  
Feminist Literature ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
New Perspective

Manifestations of aestheticism and decadence in Sy kom met die sekelmaan and Kaapse rekwisieteThis article offers a new perspective on the novels of two well-known Afrikaans authors, namely Hettie Smit's Sy kom met die sekelmaan (1937) and Wilma Stockenstrom's Kaapse rekwisiete (1987). Both literary works are read within the framework of late nineteenth-century Western European and British aestheticism and decadence. Characteristic elements of aesthetic and decadent literature, such as an emphasis on artificiality - especially the tendency towards the fictionalization of reality narcissism, sexual perversity, and the utilization of a flowery style are identified in both novels. Stockenstrum 's novel can, however, also be read from a feminist point of view, as is already indicated by the fact that everything is seen through the eyes d f a female character, and by the negative projection of male characters and heterosexual relationships. Lefebvre's Jungian-based search for the Self is a further indication of the feminist character of this novel, as the psychological views of Jung with his accent on identity and individualisation form a myth in its own way in feminist literature.

Contents of Western Sociology of Religion as a Science and Educational Discipline

2002 ◽  
pp. 106-110
Author(s):  
Liudmyla O. Fylypovych
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
International Society ◽  
Sociology Of Religion ◽  
Scientific Study ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Sociology of religion in the West is a field of knowledge with at least 100 years of history. As a science and as a discipline, the sociology of religion has been developing in most Western universities since the late nineteenth century, having established traditions, forming well-known schools, areas related to the names of famous scholars. The total number of researchers of religion abroad has never been counted, but there are more than a thousand different centers, universities, colleges where religion is taught and studied. If we assume that each of them has an average of 10 religious scholars, theologians, then the army of scholars of religion is amazing. Most of them are united in representative associations of researchers of religion, which have a clear sociological color. Among them are the most famous International Society for the Sociology of Religion (ISSR) and the Society for Scientific Study of Religion (SSSR).

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